Table 1.
Assessment of the quality of interoceptive sensory processing studies in bulimia nervosa using a modified version of the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale.
| Author | Samples | Quality | Study Tasks | Presence of significant differences in insula or processing of interoceptive stimuli when comparing BN to HC? |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Insula Studies | ||||
| Bohon & Stice 2012 | 26BN & 26HC | 4 | Functional connectivity as measured by fMRI when viewing food stimuli | Y |
| Brooks et al., 2011 | 8BN, 18AN & 24HC | 3.5 | fMRI food >non-food images | Y |
| Frank et al., 2013 | 19BN, 19AN, 19BN & 24HC | 3.5 | sMRI | Y |
| Kim et al., 2012 | 20BN, 18AN & 20HC | 2 | fMRI functional connectivity food >non-food images | Y |
| Mettler et al., 2013 | 20BN & 21HC | 4 | DTI measurement of white matter axon integrity | Y |
| Mohr et al., 2011 | 15BN & 16HC | 1 | fMRI body size estimation | Y |
| Schienle et al., 2009 | 24BN, 17BED, 19HC, 17 overweig ht HC | 3.5 | fMRI during food images, disgusting images and neutral images | Y |
| Van den Eynde et al., 2013 | 21BN & 23HC | 3.5 | fMRI during food pictures & self and thin other body picture comparison | Y-for body image only |
| Gastric | Gastric | |||
| Diamanti et al., 2003 | 10BN, 18AN & 16HC | 0.5 | EGG, Gastric Emptying Scintigraphy | Y |
| Geliebter et al., 1992 | 9BN & 19HC | 3 | Endoscopy of the upper GI tract, gastric capacity, gastric emptying, test-meal intake | Y |
| Geliebter et al., 2001 | 10BN, 10HC and 10 Obese Patients | 1 | Gastric capacity and self report ratings | Y |
| Koch et al., 1998 | 12BN & 13HC | 2 | Gastric emptying and visceral perception test | Y |
| Walsh et al., 2003 | 16BN & 16HC | 1 | Gastric capacity and gastric relaxation | Y-for gastric relaxation only |
| Zimmerli et al., 2006 | 19BN & 19HC | 3 | Gastric capacity and sensitivity to gastric relaxation | N-for gastric capacity; Y-for sensitivity to gastric distention |
| Pain | ||||
| de Zwaan et al., 1996 | 18BN, 22AN & 32HC | 3 | Mechanical and thermal pain threshold | Y |
| Girdler et al., 1998 | 14BN & 14HC | 4 | Pain threshold and its relationship to arterial blood pressure | Y |
| Lautenbacher et al., 1991 | 20BN, 21HC & 19AN | 2 | Heat pain threshold | Y |
| Papezova et al., 2005 | 18BN, 21AN & 17HC | 2 | Heat pain threshold | Y |
| Pauls et al., 1991 | 10BN, 9AN, 10HC | 2 | Heat and cold pain threshold and vibration pain threshold | Y for heat and cold pain; no for vibration pain threshold |
| Stein et al., 2003 | 11RAN, 15HC | 3 | Thermal pain and submaximal effort tourniquet test (SETT) | Y for SETT and near significance for thermal pain |
| Yamamotova et al., 2009 | 21BN & 21HC | 3 | Thermal pain threshold, blood pressure and heart rate under six different conditions | Y |
| Heart Beat Perception | ||||
| Eshkevari et al., 2014 | 22BN, 32AN, 20EDNOS & 60HC | 3.5 | Heartbeat tapping version of the HBPT | N |
| Klabunde et al., 2013 | 9RBN & 10HC | 2.5 | Heartbeat counting of the HBPT | Y |
| Pollatos & Georgiou 2016 | 23BN & 23HC | 3 | Heartbeat counting of the HBPT while controlling for BMI, depression, alexithymia and anxiety | N |
| Taste | ||||
| Aschenbrenner et al., 2008 | 24BN, 16AN & 23HC | 4 | Sniffin' Sticks olfactory test and Taste Strips gustatory test | N |
| Blazer et al., 2008 | 26BN & 26HC | 2.5 | Salivary and taste profile analysis | Y |
| Dazzi et al., 2013 | 19BN, 18AN & 19HC | 1.25 | Sniffin' Sticks olfactory test and Taste Strips gustatory test | Y |
| Drewnowki et al., 1987 | 7BN, 12AN-R, 13AN-BP & 16HC | 2.5 | Sensory estimates of sweetness and fat content in milk substances | N |
| Drewnowski et al., 1987 | 16BN & 16HC | 2.5 | Sensory estimates of sweetness and fat content in three cheeses | Y |
| Franko et al., 1994 (45) | 15 pure BN, 5BN with past history of AN, 20HC | 4 | Sweetness intensity | Y in BN-pure only |
| Frank et al., 2011 | 20BN & 23HC | 3 | Groups rated sweetness of taste solutions | N |
| Klein et al., 2009 | 11BN & 10HC | 4 | Consumption of varying levels of sweetened solutions | Y |
| Rodin et al., 1990 | 16BN & 16HC | 1 | Intensity of sweet, salty, sour and bitter solutions before and after ingesting a glucose load | Y |
| Sunday & Halmi 1990 | 29BN, 32AN-R, 28AN B-P, 16HC | 3 | Hunger and fullness ratings before and after a liquid meal and changes in hedonic preference for the liquid meal after an overnight fast and after completing the meal | N-rating of sweetness; Y- intensity of low fat and no sugar solutions |
| Wisniewski et al., 1997 | 18BN & 18CW | 2.5 | Salivation amount and desire to binge after consumption of a series of receiving 8 yogurt stimuli and a lemon juice trial | Y |
| Wöckel et al., 2007 | 18ED (BN and AN) & 15HC | 3.5 | Fungiform papillaie measured with PROP | N |
| Neurobiology Taste | ||||
| Bohon & Stice 2011 | 26BN & 26HC | 4 | fMRI taste anticipation and receipt of milkshake vs tasteless solution | Y |
| Frank et al., 2006 | 10BN & 6HC | 2 | fMRI taste processing of glucose > artificial saliva | N |
| Frank et al., 2011 | 20BN & 23HC | 3 | fMRI taste processing of expected and unexpected sucrose and artificial saliva administration | Y |
| Frank et al., 2016 | 20BN, 21AN, 19RAN & 27HC | 2.5 | fMRI classification accuracy of diagnosis during taste processing of sucrose, control solutions and no taste stimulation | N-but classification accuracy within the insula was negatively related with sweetness in BN |
| Radeloff et. al., 2014 | 14RBN, 15RAN & 18HC | 4 | fMRI taste of high fat crème, non-caloric substance viscous solution and water | N |
| Oberndorfer et al., 2013 | 14RBN, 14RAN & 14HC | 3 | fMRI taste processing of sucrose to sucralose | Y |
| Wagner et al., 2015 | 15BN, 15AN & 13HC | 3 | fMRI taste sensitization during sucrose vs sucralose administration | N |