Table 2.
Preclinical treatments targeting autophagy in OA.
| Type of preclinical OA treatment | Name | OA Efficacy | Disease Model | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Small molecules | Dihydroartemisin | Reduces inflammation | Rat chondrocytes | Jiang et al., 2016 |
| Glucocorticoids | Reduces autophagy | Human cartilage | Shen et al., 2015a | |
| Glucosamine | Reduces OA severity | Nucleus pulposus | Jiang et al., 2014 | |
| Hydroxytirosol | Reduces inflammation | Human chondrocytes | Zhi et al., 2018 | |
| Reduces oxidative stress and apoptosis | OA human chondrocytes and TC28a2 cell line | Cetrullo et al., 2016 | ||
| PI3K/AKT/mTOR | Reduces inflammation | Experimental OA in rat | Xue et al., 2017 | |
| Rapamycin | Reduces OA severity | Meniscus mouse OA model | Meckes et al., 2017 | |
| Reduces AGEs | Rat chondrocytes | Huang et al., 2017 | ||
| Reduces OA severity and inflammation | Experimental OA mouse model | Ribeiro et al., 2016b | ||
| Reduces catabolic effects | OA human chondrocytes and TC28a2 cell line | Ribeiro et al., 2016a | ||
| Reduces mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis | OA human chondrocytes and TC28a2 cell line | Lopez de Figueroa et al., 2015 | ||
| Reduces OA severity | Experimental OA mouse model | Takayama et al., 2014 | ||
| Reduces OA severity | Experimental OA mouse model | Matsuzaki et al., 2014a | ||
| Reduces mechanical injury damage | Human chondrocytes | Carames et al., 2013 | ||
| Reduces OA severity | Experimental OA mouse model | Carames et al., 2012a | ||
| Resveratrol | Reduces OA severity | Human chondrocytes | Qin et al., 2017 | |
| Sucrose | Reduces cartilage degradation/chondrocyte death | Human chondrocytes | Khan et al., 2017 | |
| Trehalose | Reduces oxidative stress | Human chondrocytes | Tang et al., 2017 | |
| Torin 1 | Reduces OA severity | Experimental OA mouse model | Chen et al., 2016 | |
| Reduces OA severity | SW1353 cell line and experimental OA rat model | Cheng et al., 2016b | ||
| Biologicals | Parathyroid hormone (1-34) | Reduces OA severity | Experimental OA rat model | Chen et al., 2018 |
| Globular adiponectin | Reduces OA severity | Rat chondrocytes | Hu et al., 2017 | |
| Platelet rich plasma | Chondroprotection/reduces inflammation | Human cartilage | Jiang et al., 2016 | |
| Adipose-stem cells | Reduces catabolic effect/inflammation | Rat chondrocytes | Zhang et al., 2018 | |
| Gene Therapy | miR-20 | Cell proliferation and autophagy | Chondrocytes | He and Cheng, 2018 |
| miR-30b | Reduces apoptosis and cartilage degradation | ATDC5 cell line | Chen et al., 2016 | |
| Nanoparticules based siRNA (NFkb) | Reduces inflammation and apoptosis | Experimental OA mouse model | Yan et al., 2016 |