Table 2.
Naloxone administration doses and population characteristics as reported by emergency.
| Odds Ratio Estimate | Lower CI | Upper CI | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | |||
| Female | 1.00 | – | – |
| Male | 1.13 | 1.10 | 1.16 |
| Unknown | 1.13 | 0.94 | 1.37 |
| Age | |||
| ages 0–19 | 1.00 | – | – |
| ages 20–29 | 1.29 | 1.21 | 1.39 |
| ages 30–49 | 1.27 | 1.18 | 1.35 |
| ages 50–64 | 1.05 | 0.98 | 1.12 |
| ages 65 plus | 0.84 | 0.78 | 0.91 |
| Region | |||
| Midwest | 1.00 | – | – |
| Island Areas | 1.39 | 0.28 | 7.02 |
| Northeast | 1.18 | 1.13 | 1.22 |
| South | 0.53 | 0.51 | 0.55 |
| West | 0.99 | 0.95 | 1.03 |
| Urbanicity | |||
| Urban | 1.00 | ||
| Rural | 0.85 | 0.80 | 0.89 |
| Suburban | 0.76 | 0.72 | 0.80 |
| Wilderness | 0.76 | 0.68 | 0.84 |
| Unknown | 1.12 | 1.05 | 1.19 |
| Weekend | |||
| Monday-Thursday | 1.00 | – | – |
| Friday-Sunday | 1.02 | 0.99 | 1.04 |
| Layperson Administration | |||
| No Previous Naloxone | 1.00 | – | – |
| Previous Naloxone | 0.55 | 0.46 | 0.65 |
| Location | |||
| Street or Highway | 1.00 | – | – |
| Home/Residence | 1.42 | 1.36 | 1.48 |
| Other Location | 1.26 | 1.19 | 1.33 |
| Residential Institution (Nursing Home, jail/prison) | 1.12 | 1.05 | 1.19 |
| Trade or service (business, bars, restaurants, etc) | 1.22 | 1.14 | 1.30 |
| Unknown | 1.42 | 1.33 | 1.52 |
| Dispatch Complaint | |||
| Other | 1.00 | – | – |
| Ingestion/Poisoning | 1.12 | 1.09 | 1.16 |
| Unknown | 1.00 | 0.97 | 1.03 |
| Ambulance Service Level | |||
| BLS | 1.00 | – | – |
| BLS Emergency | 0.45 | 0.30 | 0.68 |
| ALS, Level 1 | 1.58 | 1.07 | 2.32 |
| ALS, Level 1, Emergency | 1.15 | 0.78 | 1.69 |
| ALS, Level 2 | 2.15 | 1.45 | 3.16 |
| Unknown\Other | 1.46 | 0.99 | 2.15 |
| Oxygen | |||
| Provided | 1.00 | – | – |
| Not Provided | 0.84 | 0.82 | 0.86 |
| Primary Symptom | |||
| None | 1.00 | – | – |
| Bleeding | 0.75 | 0.52 | 1.07 |
| Breathing Problem | 1.41 | 1.25 | 1.59 |
| Change in responsiveness | 1.28 | 1.15 | 1.43 |
| Choking | 0.97 | 0.56 | 1.68 |
| Death | 0.76 | 0.67 | 0.86 |
| Device/Equipment Problem | <0.001 | – | – |
| Diarrhea | 2.41 | 0.96 | 6.03 |
| Drainage/Discharge | 1.72 | 0.61 | 4.89 |
| Fever | 1.51 | 0.90 | 2.53 |
| Malaise | 0.70 | 0.55 | 0.88 |
| Mass/Lesion | <0.001 | – | – |
| Mental/Psych | 0.93 | 0.81 | 1.07 |
| Nausea/Vomiting | 0.59 | 0.46 | 0.78 |
| Pain | 0.87 | 0.74 | 1.02 |
| Palpitations | 0.83 | 0.52 | 1.33 |
| Rash/Itching | 0.28 | 0.04 | 2.13 |
| Swelling | 1.12 | 0.38 | 3.32 |
| Transport Only | 0.73 | 0.44 | 1.21 |
| Unknown | 1.06 | 0.95 | 1.19 |
| Weakness | 0.82 | 0.71 | 0.96 |
| Wound | 0.85 | 0.57 | 1.27 |
| Disposition | |||
| Dead at the Scene | 1.00 | – | – |
| Treated and Released | 1.09 | 0.96 | 1.23 |
| Treated, Transferred Care | 1.44 | 1.29 | 1.61 |
| Treated, Transported by EMS | 1.61 | 1.47 | 1.76 |
| Treated, Transported by Law Enforcement | 0.78 | 0.33 | 1.84 |
| Treated, Transported by Private Vehicle | 0.90 | 0.32 | 2.57 |
Source: National EMS Information, 2015.