. 2018 May 31;7(7):859–869. doi: 10.1530/EC-18-0076
This work is licensed under a Table 1.
Characteristics of participants in each subgroup (n = 1941).
| Characteristic | Mean (s.d.)/n (%) | No. missing | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GDM + PCOS (n = 105) | GDM + non-PCOS (n = 909) | Non-GDM + PCOS (n = 69) | Controls (n = 858) | ||
| Participants’ birtha | |||||
| Birth weight (g) | 3323 (570) | 3392 (559) | 3511 (474) | 3471 (505) | 7/77/8/58 |
| s.d. score for birth weight | −0.35 (1.16) | −0.14 (1.07) | 0.04 (1.00) | 0.02 (1.02) | 20/192/14/167 |
| Gestational age (weeks) | 39.7 (1.7) | 39.7 (2.2) | 40.3 (1.5) | 39.8 (1.8) | 17/194/11/159 |
| <37 + 0 weeks (%) | 4 (4.5) | 46 (6.4) | 0 | 23 (3.3) | 17/194/11/159 |
| SGAb (%) | 6 (7.1) | 24 (3.3) | 1 (1.8) | 15 (2.2) | 20/192/14/167 |
| LGAc (%) | 0 | 21 (2.9) | 1 (1.8) | 19 (2.7) | 20/192/14/167 |
| Participants’ educational attainmenta | |||||
| Basic or less (%) | 4 (3.8) | 62 (6.8) | 1 (1.4) | 41 (4.8) | |
| Secondary (%) | 39 (37.1) | 437 (48.1) | 27 (39.1) | 394 (45.9) | |
| Lower-level tertiary (%) | 45 (42.9) | 223 (24.5) | 19 (27.5) | 210 (24.5) | |
| Upper-level tertiary (%) | 17 (16.2) | 187 (20.6) | 22 (31.9) | 213 (24.8) | |
| Participants’ current characteristics | |||||
| Age at delivery (years) | 32.0 (5.0) | 31.5 (5.4) | 29.9 (3.8) | 28.8 (5.1) | |
| Height (cm) | 164.9 (5.9) | 164.7 (5.8) | 166.2 (6.1) | 165.3 (5.9) | |
| Weight (kg) | 80.8 (18.6) | 75.9 (17.0) | 67.8 (14.9) | 64.7 (12.3) | |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 29.7 (6.6) | 27.9 (5.9) | 24.5 (5.1) | 23.6 (4.1) | |
| Smoking habit, n (%) | 1/2/0/1 | ||||
| Before and during pregnancy (%) | 16 (15.4) | 144 (15.9) | 13 (18.8) | 127 (14.8) | |
| Before but not during pregnancy (%) | 10 (9.6) | 137 (15.1) | 8 (11.6) | 122 (14.2) | |
| Not at all (%) | 78 (75.0) | 623 (68.7) | 48 (69.6) | 607 (70.8) | |
| Number of previous pregnancies | |||||
| 0 (%) | 35 (33.3) | 272 (29.9) | 29 (42.0) | 341 (39.7) | |
| 1 (%) | 23 (21.9) | 246 (27.1) | 23 (33.3) | 216 (25.2) | |
| 2 (%) | 17 (16.2) | 153 (16.8) | 5 (7.2) | 123 (14.3) | |
| 3 or more (%) | 30 (28.6) | 238 (26.2) | 12 (17.4) | 178 (20.8) | |
| Number of previous deliveries | |||||
| 0 (%) | 44 (41.9) | 388 (42.7) | 38 (55.1) | 433 (50.5) | |
| 1 (%) | 40 (38.1) | 254 (27.9) | 18 (26.1) | 212 (24.7) | |
| 2 (%) | 11 (10.5) | 118 (13.0) | 8 (11.6) | 102 (11.9) | |
| 3 or more (%) | 10 (9.5) | 149 (16.4) | 5 (7.2) | 111 (12.9) | |
| Insulin-treated GDM, n (%) | 27 (26.0) | 149 (16.8) | 1/21 | ||
| Metformin-treated GDM, n (%) | 4 (3.8) | 21 (2.4) | 1/21 | ||
| Diet-treated GDM, n (%) | 73 (70.2) | 718 (83.2) | 1/21 | ||
aAs reported by the participants at recruitment in this study; bsmall for gestational age (<−2 s.d.); clarge for gestational age (>+2 s.d.).
GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; PCOS, polycystic ovary syndrome; s.d., standard deviation.