Table 2.
Increased prevalence odds of chronic kidney disease associated with cadmium and severity of tubular dysfunction.
| Independent Variables | POR of CKD | 95% CI for POR | p Values | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lower | Upper | |||
| Gender | 0.771 | 0.317 | 1.876 | 0.566 |
| Age (years) | 1.119 | 1.070 | 1.170 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 1.188 | 1.071 | 1.318 | 0.001 |
| Smoking | 1.002 | 0.378 | 2.661 | 0.996 |
| Tubular dysfunction a | 5.324 | 2.035 | 13.928 | 0.001 |
| Log urine Cd (μg/g creatinine) | 2.978 | 1.066 | 8.317 | 0.037 |
| Log urine NAG (units/g creatinine) | 1.340 | 0.231 | 7.770 | 0.744 |
| Log urine protein (mg/g creatinine) | 1.900 | 1.093 | 3.302 | 0.023 |
POR = Prevalence Odds Ratio. a Tubular dysfunction is defined as urinary β2-MG levels ≥ 300 μg/g creatinine [19,20]. POR was derived from a logistic regression model analysis in which CKD (eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2) was a categorical dependent variable, while age, BMI, creatinine adjusted urinary Cd, NAG and protein levels were continuous independent variables. Categorical independent variables were gender, smoking status, and tubular dysfunction. p values ≤ 0.05 are considered to indicate statistical significant levels.