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. 2018 Jun 25;9:777. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00777

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Copyright © 2018 Bruno, Grossi, Salvia, Scala, Farina, Grimaldi, Zhou, Bufo, Vogel, Grosse-Wilde, Hansson and Falabella.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Relative expression level of M. viciae OBPs in different nymphal instars. OBP expression levels were quantified by RT-qPCR. Bars represent the standard deviation of the mean for 3 independent experiments. Significant differences are denoted by asterisks (Tukey’s test, (^∗p < 0.05, ^∗∗p < 0.01, ^∗∗∗p < 0.001)). I, 1st nymphal instar; II, 2nd nymphal instar; III, 3rd nymphal instar; IV, 4th nymphal instar; Ap, winged adults; Al, winged adults. Reference genes: RPL32, RPS9. Calibrator sample: 1st nymphal instar