| • Thermodynamic disequilibrium | assuming Darwinian evolution to be a progressive process and “that life actually does something” |
| • Bonding | covalent bond, e.g., C-C |
| • Isolation within the environment | the Darwinian cycle can proceed only if it replicates itself in preference to others; compartmentalization |
| • Carbon-like scaffolding | “machinery’s nutrients” |
| • Energetic patterns in metabolism | no equilibrium, but energy transfer |
| • Solvent | efficiency of chemical reactions within the liquid phase |
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