Table 4.
Effects of emulsifiers on mucus and mucophilic bacteria in the gut.
| Emulsifier | Experimental Model | Experimental Design | Main Effects * | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Polysorbate-80 | in vivo Rats |
1% (w/v) single-pass in situ perfusion |
↑ mucus secretion; reversible |
[105] |
| Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC)/polysorbate-80 | in vivo Mice |
1% (v/v) P80/ 1% (w/v) CMC in drinking water or chow; 12 weeks |
↓ colonic mucus thickness; no changes in Muc2 expression ↑ R. gnavus and A. muciniphila |
[106] |
| Glycerol monolaurate | in vivo Mice |
150 mg/kg bw; 8 weeks |
↓ A. muciniphila | [107] |
| Carrageenan | in vivo Mice |
20 µg/mL in drinking water; 6 weeks |
↓ A. muciniphila | [108] |
* ↑ increase and ↓ decrease compared to control conditions.