Table 1.

Application of different nanoparticles into polymeric membranes for water treatment.

Nanoparticle	Membrane Process	Application	Polymer	Filler Concentration:	Reference:
ZnO	MF	Treatment of synthetic wastewater	PVDF	6.7–26–7 wt %	[54]
		Removal of copper ions		1–5 wt %	[55]
		Removal of COD from wastewater		0–1 wt %	[56]
		Removal of HA	PES	3.6 wt %	[57]
	UF	Removal of HA	PSF	0.1 wt %	[58]
		Removal of salt	PA	0.003–0.009 g	[59]
		Evaluation of antifouling properties in composite membranes for water treatment. Mixture model: BSA	PVDF	1 g	[60]
		Evaluation of antifouling properties in composite membranes for water treatment. Mixture model: BSA	PES	0.5–2 wt %	[61]
		Removal of micelle from aqueous solutions		0–10 wt %	[62]
		Removal of pollutants Sodium alginate, BSA and humic acid (HA)		0.25–0.75 wt %	[63]
		Evaluation of antifouling properties in composite membranes for water treatment. Mixture model: BSA		0.4 g	[64]
		Evaluation of antifouling properties in composite membranes for water treatment. Mixture model: BSA	PES-PVA	0.04–1.3 g	[65]
		Treatment of wastewaters	PSF	0.1–1 wt %	[66]
		Bacterial removal from aqueous solutions		0.7 mg	[67]
		Evaluation of antifouling properties in composite membranes for water treatment. Mixture model: BSA	PVC	3 wt %	[68]
	NF	Removal of HA	PES	0.035–4 wt %	[38]
		Water purification (removal of HA)	PVP	100 mg	[69]
		Removal of salt and metal ions (Zn2+, Cd2+, Pb2+, Mn2+, Ni2+, Fe2+, Al3+, Sb3+, Sr3+)	CA	0.02–0.05 g	[70]
		Separation of Rhodamine B	CTA	0.6 g	[71]
		Removal of HA	PSF	2 wt %	[72]
		Removal of inorganic salts and HA	PVDF	0–0.2 wt %	[73]
		Removal of HA		1 wt %	[74]
		Removal of salts (model MgSO4)	Poly(piperazine amide)	1.5 wt %	[75]
	FO	Desalination and water treatment	PVDF	0–8 wt %	[76]
	RO	Removal of salt, bivalent ions (Ca2+, SO42− and Mg2+), monovalent ions (Cl− and Na+), and bacterial retention	PA	0.005–0.4 wt %	[77]
GO	MF	Treatment of effluents with high dyes content	PSF	0.75–2.5 wt %	[78]
		Filtration of wastewaters	PVDF	3 wt %	[79]
	UF	Evaluation of antifouling properties in composite membranes for water treatment Mixture model: BSA	PSF	0.025–0.15 wt %	[80]
		Evaluation of antifouling properties in composite membranes for water treatment Mixture model: BSA	PVP-PVDF	0–0.50 wt %	[81]
		Evaluation of antifouling properties in composite membranes for water treatment Mixture model: BSA	PVDF	2.5 g/mL	[82]
		Natural organic matter removal		0.1–1 wt %	[41]
		Evaluation of antifouling properties in composite membranes for water treatment Mixture model: BSA		0–2 wt %	[83]
		Natural organic matter removal	PA	0.004–0.012 wt %	[84]
		Wastewater treatment	PSF	0.02–0.39 wt %	[85]
		Degradation of organic pollutants in salty water	Cellulose ester	2 g/L	[86]
		Treatment of distillery effluent	PES	0.5–1 wt %	[87]
	NF	Na2SO4 rejection from water streams	PSF	2000 ppm	[88]
		Water softening production	PAI-PEI	5 mg/mL	[89]
		Treatment of effluents with high dyes content	PMIA	0.05–0.5 wt %	[90]
		Treatment of solutions with high dyes content	PAN	0.25–1 g/L	[91]
		Evaluation of dye removal capacity for water treatment	PES	0.1–1 wt %	[92]
		Water purification	PPA	100–400 mg/L	[93]
	RO	Desalination: Salt removal (NaCl)	PA	5–76 ppm	[94]
		Desalination: Salt removal (NaCl, CaCl2 and Na2SO4)	PSF	0.005–0.3 wt %	[95]
		Desalination: Salt removal (NaCl)		100–300 ppm	[96]
	FO	Possible prospect for desalination of sea water	PA	1.5 wt %	[97]
Graphene	UF	Wastewater treatment	PSF	0.1–2 wt %	[98]
	NF	Water purification	PVDF	0.864 μg/mL	[99]
AgNO3	UF	Reduction of the microbial load of raw milk during the concentration process by the UF process	PES	2–4–6 wt %	[100]
		Evaluation of antifouling properties in composite membranes for water treatment. Mixture model: BSA	PSF	0.5 wt %	[101]
AgNPs	MF/UF	Evaluation of antifouling properties in composite membranes for water treatment. Mixture model: BSA		0–0.05–0.1–2.5–5–10 wt %	[102]
	UF	Water purification	PES	0–0.32–0.64 wt %	[103]
		Evaluation of antifouling and antibacterial properties in composite membranes for water treatment. Model bacteria: E. coli	PES, PSF, CA	0.03–0.06–0.09 wt %	[104]
		Evaluation of antifouling and antibacterial properties in composite membranes for water treatment. Model bacteria: E. coli. Mixture model: BSA and dextran solution	PSF	0.25–0.5–1.0 wt %	[105]
		Evaluation of antifouling and antibacterial properties in composite membranes for water treatment. Model bacteria: P. putida. Mixture model: BSA		3.6 gr	[106]
		Evaluation of antifouling properties in composite membranes for water treatment Mixture model: polyethylene glycol (PEG) and Dextran solutions	CA	0–0.1–0.4 wt %	[64]
	NF	Evaluation of antibacterial properties in composite membranes for water treatment Model bacteria: E. coli, S. aureus		0.5–1–2 wt %	[107]
Ag-NO3		Evaluation of antibacterial properties and removal of salt (Na2SO4). Model bacteria: E. coli	PA-PVA	10 mL	[108]
	RO	Evaluation of antibacterial properties and removal of salt (NaCl). Model bacteria: E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus	PA	10 mL	[109]
		Evaluation of antibacterial properties and removal of salt (NaCl). Model bacteria: E. coli, Bacillus subtilis	PA/PSF/PET	4 g/L	[110]
		Evaluation of antibacterial properties Model bacteria: E. coli, Bacillus subtilis	CA	-	[111]
	DCMD	Deposition of silver nanoparticles layers to optimize surface roughness and enhance membrane hydrophobicity. Desalination of seawater. Model water: NaCl 3.5 wt %	PVDF	1 wt %	[112]
	PRO/RO	Evaluation of antifouling and antibacterial properties in composite membranes for water treatment. Model bacteria: E. coli. Mixture model: BSA	PES	40 g/L	[113]
Ag-NPs	PRO	Evaluation of antifouling and antibacterial properties in composite membranes for water treatment. Model bacteria: E. coli, Bacillus subtilis Mixture model: C. testosteroni	PAN	0.01–0.02–0.05–0.10 wt %	[114]
bio-Ag0	UF	Evaluation of antifouling and antibacterial properties in composite membranes for water treatment. Model bacteria: E. coli, P. aeruginosa	PES	0.1–0.3–0.5–1 wt %	[115]
	NF	Evaluation of antibacterial properties and removal of salt (Na2SO4). Model bacteria: E. coli, P. aeruginosa	PA	0.1 mM 40 mL	[116]
		Evaluation of antibacterial properties and removal of salt (Na2SO4). Model bacteria: P. aeruginosa	PSF	0.005–0.025–0.05 wt %	[117]
Cu-NPs	UF	Evaluation of antifouling and antibacterial properties in composite membranes for water treatment. Model bacteria: P. putida. Mixture model: BSA		3.6 g	[106]
CuAc2		Evaluation of antifouling and antibacterial properties in composite membranes for water treatment. Model bacteria: E. coli. Mixture model: HA	PAN/PEI	1000 mg/L	[118]
Cu-NPs		Treatment of wastewaters (sludge filtration) and evaluation of antifouling properties in composite membranes for water treatment. Mixture model: BSA	PES	0.002–0.01–0.03–0.05 wt %	[119]
Ag-NPs Cu-NPs		Evaluation of antifouling and antibacterial properties in composite membranes for water treatment. Model bacteria: E. coli. Mixture model: PEO	PSF	3.2 g	[120]
CuSO4	NF	Seawater softening, removal of salt (SO42+, Mg2+, Na+, Cl−). Evaluation of antibacterial properties in composite membranes for water treatment. Model bacteria: E. coli	PAN/PEI	0–0.4 g	[121]
	RO	Evaluation of antibacterial properties and removal of salt (NaCl). Model bacteria: E. coli	PA	50 mM	[122]
CuCl2		Evaluation of antifouling and antibacterial properties in composite membranes for water treatment. Model bacteria: E. coli. Mixture model: BSA		30 mL	[123]
Cu-NPs		Evaluation of antibacterial properties in composite membranes for water treatment and removal of salt (NaCl). Model bacteria: E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus.		50 mL	[124]
TiO2-NPs	MF	Evaluation of antifouling properties using whey solution	PVDF	0.05 wt %	[125]
	UF	Evaluation of antifouling properties in composite membranes for water treatment. Mixture model: HA		0.1 g/L	[126]
		Evaluation of antifouling properties in composite membranes for water treatment. Mixture model: BSA, PEG and MgSO4		0.5–1 wt %	[127]
		Treatment of wastewaters		0–0.15–0.3–0.45–1.5–3–6 wt %	[37]
		Evaluation of UV-cleaning properties		0–1.5 wt %	[128]
		Evaluation of UV-cleaning and antifouling properties. Mixture model: BSA		0–7 wt %	[129]
		Evaluation of antifouling properties. Mixture model: BSA and Lys	PP	-	[130]
		Evaluation of antifouling properties and removal of salt (NaCl). Mixture model: BSA and pepsin	PSF	0.1, 0.25 and 0.5 wt %.	[131]
		Water treatment	CA	0–25 wt %	[132]
		Evaluation of UV-cleaning properties and antifouling properties. Mixture model: red dye and BSA.	PA	10–80 ppm	[133]
Titanium tetraisopropoxide (TIP)		Evaluation of antifouling properties. Mixture model: BSA		29.58 mL	[134]
TiO2-NPs	FO	Evaluation of removal of salt (NaCl).	PSF	0.01, 0.05, and 0.1 wt/v %	[135]
		Evaluation of removal of salt (NaCl).		0–0.5–0.75–0.99 wt %	[136]
	MF/MBR	Evaluation of antifouling properties. Mixture model: BSA, PEG and MgSO4	PVDF	-	[137]
nanoTiO2	MBR	Algal membrane bioreactor evaluation		5 wt %	[138]
TiO2-NPs	NF	Wastewater treatment application	PES	0.125 g	[139]
CNTs	NF	Evaluation of antifouling and removal of salts (NaCl, Na2SO4).	PSF	5 wt %	[140]
	NF	Drinking-water purification	Nitrocelullose	3 wt %	[141]
	UF	Water treatment and biofouling control application	PES	0–4 wt %	[40]
	NF	Wastewater treatment application	PES	0.1 wt %	[142]
	NF	Water treatment	PA	5 wt %	[143]
	NF	Metal removal (Cr(VI), Cd(II))	PSF	0.1–1 wt %	[144]
	NF	Water treatment for salt removal (NaCl, Na2SO4).	PMMA	0.67 wt %	[145]
	NF	Evaluation of antifouling properties in composite membranes for water treatment.	Polyimide 84	0.1–1 wt %	[146]
	UF	Water treatment for UF applications	PSF	0.1–0.5 wt %	[147]
	UF	Wastewater treatment by membrane bioreactor	PSF	0.1–1 wt %	[148]
	MF	Bleach effluent treatment by membrane bioreactor	PSF	0.04 wt %	[149]