Table 2.

Intranasal administration of bioactive agents via in situ gels.

Bioactive Agents	Formulation Composition	Neurological Disorder	Efficacy	References
Levodopa	Pluronic F127, chitosan	Parkinson’s syndrome	Delayed mucociliary clearance	[56]
Amantadine	Pluronic F127, carboxymethylcellulose	Parkinson’s syndrome	No cellular toxicity to human nasal epithelial cells	[57,58]
Ropinirole	Chitosan, hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose	Parkinson’s syndrome	Enhanced brain uptake of drug in vivo	[59]
Rasagiline mesylate	Poloxamer 407, poloxamer 188, carbopol 934 P and chitosan	Parkinson’s syndrome	6-fold higher drug bioavailability	[60]
Ropinirole	Pluronic F-127 and hydroxy methyl propyl cellulose	Parkinson’s syndrome	Five-fold brain uptake of the drug	[61]
Sumatriptan	Gellan gum	Migraine	High drug concentration in plasma and brain tissues	[62]
Huperzine A	Gellan gum	Alzheimer’s	Increased drug distributions in the rat brain tissues: the cerebrum and hippocampus	[63]
Curcumin	Pluronic F127, Poloxamer	Alzheimer’s	Improved drug-targeting efficiencies in the cerebrum, cerebellum, hippocampus and olfactory bulb	[64]
Geniposide	Poloxamers (P407, P188) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose	Alzheimer’s	In vitro release profile of the drug was zero-order, and the ex vivo release mechanism was the Weibull model	[65]
Rivastigmine	Poloxamer 407®, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles	Alzheimer’s	Enhanced drug permeability and sustained drug release profile; the cellular uptake of the drug from the formulation was time dependent	[66]
Rivastigmine tartrate	Pluronic F127, HPMC Chitosan, Carbopol 934 and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose	Alzheimer’s	Good distribution to the brain (0.54% ID/g) when compared to intravenous administration	[67]
Doxepin	Chitosan and glycerophosphate, poly(ethylene) glycol	Depression	In vivo studies in Swiss albino mice showed a good increase in activity count and a decrease in immobility time	[68]
Agomelatine	Pluronic F127, Carbopol, chitosan, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, sodium alginate, and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose	Depression	Significantly enhanced brain uptake in vivo	[69]
Fluoxetine hydrochloride	Gellan gum and HPMC (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose)	Depression	Reduced immobility, increased climbing and swimming behavior	[70]
Tramadol hydrochloride	Chitosan, Pluronic, HPMC	Depression	Increased locomotor activity and body weight of the rat model in vivo	[71]
Nortriptyline hydrochloride	Poloxamer 188 and HPMC	Depression	Enhanced drug release profile	[72]
Venlafaxine	Sodium alginate	Depression	Brain uptake was 742.5 ng/mL, tmax 60 min; improved swimming and climbing and reduced immobility in vivo	[73]
Paliperidone	Carbopol 934 and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose	Schizophrenia	High rate of drug permeation via sheep nasal mucosa	[74]