Table 1.
List of the most relevant lncRNAs and the associated mechanisms.
| LncRNA | Expression | Disease | Mechanism | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ANRIL | Down | Coronary Artery Disease (CAD), Myocardial Infarction | Chromatin remodelling (interacts with PRC1 and PRC2); regulation of CDKN2A and CDKN2B expression. | [74,75,76,77,79] |
| MHRT | Up | Heart failure, Acute Myocardial Infarction, Hypertrophy, Cardiomyopathy | Chromatin remodelling (cardiac stress); interacts with BRG1 preventing its ligation to targets. | [65,88,89,90,91,92] |
| CHAST | Up | Heart failure, Aortic Stenosis, Cardiac Hypertrophy. | Cardiac remodelling; negatively regulates Plekhm1. | [71,93,94,95,96,97] |
| LIPCAR | Down | Initial Myocardial Infarction, Chronic Cardiovascular Disease | Cardiac remodeling; unknown mechanism. | [66,98] |
| CARMEN | Up | Cardiovascular Disease (Cardiac Hypertrophy) | Chromatin remodelling; interacts with SUZ12 and EZH2 (PRC2). | [68] |
| CHRF | Up | Cardiac Hypertrophy | Sponge for mir-489. | [67,101] |
| CHAER (mouse) | Up | Cardiac Hypertrophy | Epigenetic Regulator; inhibits H3L27 methylation. | [72] |
| MIAT | Up | Cardiac Hypertrophy, Myocardial Infarction | Sponge for mir-150. | [78,102,103,104,105,106] |
| H19 | Up | Atherosclerosis, Heart failure, Cardiac Hypertrophy | Epigenetic Regulator; suppresses miR-675 and miR-19b; repression of DUSP5/ERK1/2; regulating MAPK and NF-kB signalling pathway. | [69,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115] |
| LncPPARδ | Up | Atherosclerosis, Cardiovascular Disease | Decreases cholesterol efflux and increases migration of leukocyte/monocytes into the arterial wall. | [116] |
| UCA1 | Down/Up (Biphasic) | Myocardial Infarction (after 12 h/72 h) | Unknown. | [122] |
| H19 | Up | Rheumatoid Arthritis | Unknown. | [127] |
| HOTAIR | Up | Rheumatoid Arthritis | Unknown. | [128] |
| C5T1lncRNA | Up | Rheumatoid Arthritis | Regulates C5 mRNA expression. | [129] |
| LOC10065295/LOC100506036 | Up | Rheumatoid Arthritis | Unknown. | [130] |
| MALAT 1 | Up | Rheumatoid Arthritis | Promotes the apoptosis of rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes and leads to the activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway. | [131] |
| NEAT1 | Up | Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) | Contributes to expression of a group of chemokines and cytokines, including IL-6 and CXCL10. | [137] |
| TMEVPG1 | Up | Sjogren’s Syndrome | Positively correlates expression with Th1 cell proportion among CD4+ T cells. | [147] |
| PINC | Up | Kawasaki disease | Promotes expression of apoptosis genes in human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVEC). | [148] |
| PRINS | Up | Psoriasis | Interacts with NPM protein, which is associated with keratinocytes proliferation. | [139] |
| BACE1-AS | Up | Alzheimer’s Disease | Increases the stability of BACE1 mRNA. Aβ production. | [157,158] |
| 17A | Up | Alzheimer’s Disease | Alternative splicing of GPR51 mRNA, reducing canonical form of GABAB R2 and impairing GABAB signaling. Aβ production. | [159] |
| HAO2-AS, EBF3-AS, AD-linc1 and AD-linc2 | Up | Alzheimer’s Disease | Neurotoxicity. | [161] |
| n341006 | Down | Alzheimer’s Disease | Acting in the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), affecting the turnover and degradation, is impaired in AD. | [160] |
| n336934 | Up | Alzheimer’s Disease | Cholesterol pathway. | [160] |
| MALAT1 | Up | Parkinson’s Disease | α-synuclein production. | [165] |
| HOTAIR | Up | Parkinson’s Disease | Increasing the stability and level of LRRK2 mRNA. | [170] |
| AL049437 | Up | Parkinson’s Disease | Apoptosis pathway. | [167] |
| AK021630 | Down | Parkinson’s Disease | Apoptosis pathway. | [167] |
| p21 | Up | Parkinson’s Disease | Targets p53 and H1F1 (apoptosis pathway). | [166] |
| SNHG1 | Up | Parkinson’s Disease | Affects the p53 stability (cellular proliferation). | [166] |
| HAR1F and HAR1R | Down | Huntington’s Disease | Unknown. | [171] |
| ABHD11-AS1 | Down | Huntington’s Disease | Affects the neuronal toxicity. | [172] |
| NEAT1_2 | Up | Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) | Changes the TDP-43 and FUS/TLS functions, stress granules formation). | [173] |
| DISC2 | Down | Schizophrenia, Autistic Spectrum Disorders (ASD) | DISC2 regulates DISC1 expression. Translocation in both genes are involved with psychiatric disorders. | [174,175,176] |
| EU358092 | ? | Schizophrenia | Located in SZ- associated region 1p21.3 and co-expressed with mir-137; alters response to psychoactive drugs. | [182] |
| MIAT | Down | Schizophrenia, Fear-related anxiety | Increases pathogenic splice variants of DISC1 and ERBB4. Associated with risk SNPs rs1894720 and rs4274/Possibly interacts with BMI1, regulating Crybb1 expression. | [177,178,179] |
| BDNF-AS | ? | Depression | Repress BDNF expression, and neuronal outgrowth and differentiation. | [191,192] |
| MSNP1AS | Up | ASD | Decreases neurite number and length in neuronal progenitor cells; dysregulates the expression of genes involved in protein synthesis and chromatin remodelling. | [196] |
The group of diseases are classified by colors: red for cardiovascular; yellow for autoimmune and green for neurological diseases; blue for psychiatric disorders. Up and Down are related to expression levels compared with healthy patients. A question mark means “information not known”.