Table 1.

Adenosine receptor antagonists improve renal function in various models of nephrotoxic acute renal failure (ARF)

Models of ARF	Species	Adenosine antagonist	References
Glycerol	Rat	Theophylline	Bidani and Churchill (1983); Bidani et al. (1987)
Injection		8-Phenyl-theophylline	Bowmer et al. (1986); Yates et al. (1987) Kellett et al. (1989); Panjehshahin et al. (1992)
		DPCPX
		FK-453	Ishikawa et al. (1993)
		KW-3902	Suzuki et al. (1992)
Uranyl nitrate	Rat	Theophylline	Osswald et al. (1979)
Cisplatin	Rat	Theophylline	Heidemann et al. (1989)
	Human	DPCPX	Knight et al. (1991)
		KW-3902	Nagashima et al. (1995)
		Theophylline	Benoehr et al. (2005)
Contrast media	Dog	Theophylline	Arend et al. (1987)
	Human	Theophylline	Erley et al. (1994); Katholi et al. (1995); Kolonko et al. (1998); Kapoor et al. (2002); Huber et al. (2002, 2003)
	Rat	DPCPX, KW3902	Erley et al. (1997); Yao et al. (2001)
Endotoxin	Rat	DPCPX	Knight et al. (1993a)
Amphotericin B	Rat	Theophylline	Heidemann et al. (1983)
	Dog	Theophylline	Gerkens et al. (1983)
Gentamicin	Rat	KW-3902	Yao et al. (1994)

8-Cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX), (+)-(R)-[(E)-3-(2-phenylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)acryloyl]-2-piperidine ethanol (FK-453) and 8-(noradamantan-3-yl)-1,3 dipropylxanthine (KW-3902) are A₁AR-selective antagonists. Adapted from Vallon et al. (2006)