Table 1.
Association between PPARα expression in the cytoplasm and the clinical features of hepatocellular carcinoma
| Variable | PPARa in cytoplasm
|
P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High expression | Low expression | ||
| Sample size | 123 | 681 | |
| Age, years | 50.60±11.76 | 48.56±11.94 | 0.081 |
| Gender | 0.498 | ||
| Male | 111 (13.8%) | 600 (74.6%) | |
| Female | 12 (1.5%) | 81 (10.1%) | |
| HBsAg | 0.693 | ||
| Positive | 104 (12.9%) | 566 (70.4%) | |
| Negative | 19 (2.4%) | 115 (14.3%) | |
| AFP, ng/mL | 0.394 | ||
| <20 | 31 (3.9%) | 148 (18.4%) | |
| ≥20 | 92 (11.4%) | 533 (66.3%) | |
| Cirrhosis | 0.619 | ||
| Yes | 102 (12.7%) | 551 (68.6%) | |
| No | 21 (2.6%) | 129 (16.1%) | |
| Tumor size, cm | 0.027 | ||
| <5 | 40 (4.9%) | 158 (19.7%) | |
| ≥5 | 83 (10.3%) | 523 (65.1%) | |
| Tumor multiplicity | 0.927 | ||
| Single | 81 (10.1%) | 451 (56.1%) | |
| Multiple | 42 (5.2%) | 230 (28.6%) | |
| Differentiation | 0.390 | ||
| Well-moderate | 13 (1.6%) | 56 (6.9%) | |
| Poor-undifferentiated | 110 (13.7%) | 625 (77.8%) | |
| TNM stage | 0.790 | ||
| I–II | 50 (6.2%) | 286 (35.6%) | |
| III–IV | 73 (9.1%) | 395 (49.1%) | |
| Vascular invasion | 0.049 | ||
| Yes | 108 (13.5%) | 546 (67.9%) | |
| No | 15 (1.9%) | 134 (16.7%) | |
| Involucrum | 0.038 | ||
| Complete | 62 (7.7%) | 274 (34.2%) | |
| Incomplete | 61 (7.6%) | 405 (50.5%) | |
| Lymph node metastasis | 0.097 | ||
| Positive | 3 (0.4%) | 42 (5.2%) | |
| Negative | 120 (14.9%) | 638 (79.5%) | |
| Distant metastasis | 0.050 | ||
| Positive | 6 (0.8%) | 72 (9.0%) | |
| Negative | 116 (14.5%) | 604 (75.7%) | |
Abbreviations: PPARα, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α; HBsAg, hepatitis B virus surface antigen; AFP, α-fetoprotein.