Table 1.

Computation times in seconds for PK/PD regression case study.

CI calculation method	NLS	MLE
Delta method	0.64	0.73
Simulation approach	1.11	1.30
Simulation/estimation using bootstrap	8.62	128.57
Simulation/estimation using Monte‐Carlo simulation	7.11	132.79

CI, confidence interval; MLE, maximum likelihood estimation; NLS, nonlinear least squares; PD, pharmacodynamic; PK, pharmacokinetic.

Computation times include parameter estimation as well as confidence and prediction interval calculation using the R framework pecan that is described in the Supplementary Material. Calculation was performed using R version 3.0.2 on a Lenovo ThinkPad T440s with a 2.1 GHz quad core Intel i7‐4600U processor and 8 GB RAM. The 1,000 simulations were performed for the simulation approach and 1,000 parameter re‐estimations for the simulation/estimation approaches.