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Scheme of EF sensing setup with a spacer between the sensing electrodes and voltage applied electrodes (see text) (A); Measured EF with respect of applied voltage within the reactor and with the spacer (B); Intracellular collagen concentration in HDF for biased (ΔV2) 8V voltage pulse; 2h, 1Hz, 10% duty cycle with a spacer compared to untreated HDF. Error bar represent standard deviation from 9 measurements.
