Table 1.

Key randomized controlled trials during cancer therapy.

Study	N	Cohort/Setting	CVD status	Modality	Length	Fq	Duration (range)	Intensity (range)	LTF	Safety	Attendance	Adherence	Outcome
MacVicar et al. (1989)²¹	45	Breast cancer patients undergoing adjuvant chemotherapy randomized to AT, stretching, or UC	NR	CE	10 wks	3	NR	60 – 85% HRR	27%	NR	NR	NR	Measured VO_2peak. AT: ↑40% Stretching and UC: no change; significant between group difference
Segal et al. (2001)²²	123	Breast cancer patients undergoing adjuvant chemotherapy randomized to supervised AT, self-directed AT, or UC	NR	TM	26 wks	3-5	NR	50 – 60% VO_2peak	27%	NR	NR	NR	Estimated VO_2peak: Self: ↑3.5% Supervised: ↑2.4%, UC: 0% non-significant between group difference
Courneya et al. (2007)²³	242	Breast cancer patients undergoing adjuvant chemotherapy randomized to supervised RT, AT, or UC	NR	AT CE, ET, TM RT 2 sets of 8-12 reps of 9 exercises	17 wks	3	15 – 45 mins	AT 60 – 80% VO_2peak RT 60 – 70% estimated 1 RM	9%	2 AE	AT: 72% RT: 68%	AT: 93%, RT: 96%	Measured VO_2peak: AT: ↑0.2% in AT; RT:↓5% UC: ↓6% significant difference between AT and UC and RT
Courneya et al. (2009)²⁷	122	Lymphoma patients undergoing therapy or immediately after therapy randomized to supervised AT or UC	HTN (29%) HPL (30%)	CE	12 wks	3	15 – 45 mins	60 – 100% VO_2peak	11%	3 AE	78%	95%	Measured VO_2peak: AT: ↑17% UC: ↓2% significant between group difference
Segal et al. (2009)²⁶	121	Prostate cancer patients initiating radiotherapy with or without ADT randomized to supervised AT, RT, or UC	NR	AT CE, ET, TM RT 2 sets of 8-12 reps of 10 exercises	24 wks	3	15 - 45 mins	AT 50 – 75% VO_2peak RT 60 – 70% estimated 1 RM	7%	3 AE	AT: 83% RT: 88%	NR	Measured VO_2peak: RT: ↑0.5% AT: ↑0.1% UC: ↓5% significant difference between RT and UC
Courneya et al. (2013)³³	301	Breast cancer patients initiating adjuvant chemotherapy randomized to standard AT, high dose AT, or CT	Obese (23%)	Standard and high dose AT CE, ET, TM, row RT 2 sets of 8-12 reps of 9 exercises	16 wks	3	Standard AT 15 – 30 min High dose AT 15 – 60 min CT 15 – 60 min	Standard and high dose AT CE, ET, TM, row RT 60 – 70% estimated 1 RM	7%	3 AE	Standard AT: 88% High AT: 82% CT: 78%	NR	Measured VO_2peak: Standard:↓12% High: ↓9% CT:↓13% significant difference between high AT and CT
Jones et al. (2014)²⁵	20	Breast cancer patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy randomized to supervised AT or UC	NR	CE	12 wks	3	20 – 45 mins	55 – 100% VO_2peak	5%	4 AE	82%	66%	Measured VO_2peak: AT: ↑13% UC: ↓9% significant between group difference FMD: AT:↑0.7% UC: ↑0.5% non-significant between group difference
Van Waart et al. (2015)²⁴	230	Breast or colon cancer patients initiating adjuvant chemotherapy randomized to home AT, supervised CT, or UC	NR	Home NR Supervised NR	NR	5	Home 30 mins Supervised AT: 30 mins; RT: 20min	Home 12-14 Borg Supervised 50-80% maximal workload	11%	NR	71%	NR	Estimated exercise capacity: Home: ↓9% Supervised: ↓14% UC: ↓18% significant difference between home and UC and supervised
Scott et al. (2017)⁶⁸	65	Breast patients with metastatic disease (57% receiving chemotherapy) randomized to AT or stretching (attention control)	Co-morbidities: 34%	TM	12 wks	3	20 – 45 mins	55 – 100% VO_2peak	3%	0 AE	63%	RDI: 61%	Measured VO_2peak: unchanged in AT and stretching

All interventions were described according to the classic components of exercise prescription: (1) type (modality), (2) program length (total number of training weeks), (3) frequency (mean number of exercise sessions/week), (4) duration (duration spent on 1 session of exercise), and (5) intensity (percentage of a predetermined physiological parameter such as maximum heart rate obtained from baseline cardiopulmonary exercise test). All outcomes were described according to LTF (number of patients that dropped out divided by total number of patients), safety (number of AE), attendance (the number of exercise sessions attended divided by the total number of planned sessions), adherence (number of exercise sessions that were completed at the planned duration and intensity divided by the number of planned sessions attended), and efficacy (change in outcome).

Abbreviations: Fq; frequency; RCT, randomized controlled trial; AT, aerobic training; UC, usual care; RT, resistance training; CT, combined aerobic and resistance training; CE, cycle ergometer; ET, elliptical trainer; TM, treadmill; RM, repetition maximum; HRR, heart rate reserve; HR, heart rate; ADT, androgen deprivation therapy; NR, not reported; LTF, loss to follow up rate; AE, adverse event; RDI, relative dose intensity (ratio of total completed to total planned cumulative dose).