Table 2.

Key randomized controlled trials after cancer therapy.

Study	N	Cohort/Setting	CVD status	Modality	Length	Fq	Duration (range)	Intensity (range)	LTF	Safety	Attendance
Courneya et al. (2003)³⁸	53	Breast cancer patients ~14 mo post therapy randomized to supervised AT or UC	NR	CE	15 wks	3	15 – 35 mins	70 – 75% Power output at ventilation threshold	6%	0 AE	98%	NR	Measured VO_2peak: AT: ↑15% UC: no change significant between group difference
Thorsen et al. (2005)⁴⁵	139	Breast, gynecologic, lymphoma, testicular cancer patients ~ 30 d post therapy randomized to unsupervised AT or UC	NR	TM, CE, Skiing	15 wks	2	NR	13 -15 Borg scale	20%	NR	NR	NR	Estimated VO_2peak: AT and UC: no change
Pinto et al, 2013⁴⁰	46	Colorectal cancer patients ~ 3 years post diagnosis randomized to AT or UC	NR	Walk	48 weeks	2-5	10 – 30 mins	60-75% estimated VO_2peak	9%	NR	NR	NR	Estimated VO_2peak: CT:↑32% UC:↑15% significant between group difference
Jones et al. (2014)⁶⁴	90	Cancer patients with HF post therapy randomized to 3 mo supervised + 4 to 12 mo unsupervised AT or UC	HTN (94%) Diabetes (38%) HF (100%)	CE/TM	52 wks	4	20 – 45 mins	60 – 70% HRR	14%	AT 2 (4%) AE post- exercise; 21 (45%) total AE UC 1 (2%) AE post-exercise; 10 (23%) total AE	53%	NR	Measured VO_2peak: AT:↑4% UC:↑6% non-significant between group difference
Jones et al. (2014)⁴²	50	Prostate cancer patients ~ 75d post-therapy randomized to supervised AT or UC	HTN (54%) HPL (60%) Diabetes (16%) CVD (8%) Low CRF (100%)	TM	24 wks	5	30 - 45 mins	55 – 100% speed at VO_2peak	8%	0 AE	83%	79%	Measured VO_2peak: AT:↑9% UC: ↑1% significant between group difference FMD: AT:↑1.7% UC: ↑0.27% significant between group difference
Rogers et al. (2015)³⁹	222	Breast cancer patients ~54 mo post therapy randomized to supervised + unsupervised AT or UC	HTN (11%)	AT CE, ET, TM	12 wks	3 - 5	15 - 50 mins	AT 40 – 59% HRR	2%	17 AE	98%	NR	Estimated VO_2peak: AT: ↑12% UC: ↑10 non-significant between group difference
Adams et al. (2017)⁴¹	63	Testicular cancer patients ~8 years post-therapy randomized to supervised AT or UC	Obese (21%) Pre HTN (19%) Metabolic syndrome (19%) Mild carotid plaque (57%) Moderate to severe carotid plaque (24%)	TM	12 wks	3	35 min (4×4 min interval)	75-95% VO_2peak	3%	0 AE	99%	98%	Measured VO_2peak: AT: ↑ 11% UC: no change significant between group difference Carotid intima-media thickness AT: ↑7% UC: no change significant between group difference; Carotid distensibility: AT: ↑16% UC: no change significant between group difference Framingham risk score: AT: ↑0.5% UC: no change significant between group difference

All interventions were described according to the classic components of exercise prescription: (1) type (modality), (2) program length (total number of training weeks), (3) frequency (mean number of exercise sessions/week), (4) duration (duration spent on 1 session of exercise), and (5) intensity (percentage of a predetermined physiological parameter such as maximum heart rate obtained from baseline cardiopulmonary exercise test). All outcomes were described according to LTF (number of patients that dropped out divided by total number of patients), safety (number of serious AE), attendance (the number of exercise sessions attended divided by the total number of planned sessions), adherence (number of exercise sessions that were completed at the planned duration and intensity divided by the number of planned sessions attended), and efficacy (change in outcome).

Abbreviations: Fq; frequency; RCT, randomized controlled trial; AT, aerobic training; UC, usual care; RT, resistance training; CT, combined aerobic and resistance training; CE, cycle ergometer; ET, elliptical trainer; TM, treadmill; RM, repetition maximum; HRR, heart rate reserve; HR, heart rate; ADT, androgen deprivation therapy; NR, not reported; LTF, loss to follow up rate; AE, adverse event; FMD, flow mediated dilatation.