Table 1.

Operating characteristics for Application 1 (Zenios and Wein, 1998) and Application 2 (May et al., 2010) when p = 0.05. Efficiency (EFF), standard deviation of the number of tests per individual (SD), and accuracy probabilities (PSE, PSP, PPV, and NPV) are provided. The threshold τ^* maximizes Youden’s index for individual testing. The threshold ${\tau }_{\mathcal{P}}^{\ast }$ is calculated as in Section 4. Classical operating characteristics are calculated exactly from Kim et al. (2007). Biomarker-based characteristics are estimated using B = 1,000,000 Monte Carlo data sets. For each application, individual testing values of S_e and S_p are provided. The same tables for p = 0.01 and p = 0.10 are in Appendix D in the Supplementary Material.

			Biomarker-based evaluations			Classical
			τ*	τ*/pool size	${\tau }_{\mathcal{P}}^{\ast }$
Application 1 Se > 0.999; Sp > 0.999	H(5: 1)	EFF (SD)	0.426 (0.418)	0.788 (0.492)	0.426 (0.418)	0.426 (0.418)
		PSE	0.996	>0.999	0.997	>0.999
		PSP	>0.999	>0.999	>0.999	>0.999
		PPV	>0.999	>0.999	>0.999	>0.999
		NPV	>0.999	>0.999	>0.999	>0.999
	H(8: 4: 1)	EFF (SD)	0.391 (0.388)	0.704 (0.450)	0.393 (0.391)	0.395 (0.389)
		PSE	0.986	0.999	0.993	>0.999
		PSP	>0.999	>0.999	>0.999	>0.999
		PPV	>0.999	>0.999	>0.999	>0.999
		NPV	0.999	>0.999	>0.999	>0.999
	A(9 × 9)	EFF (SD)	0.374 (0.115)	0.835 (0.161)	0.378 (0.116)	0.380 (0.117)
		PSE	0.973	0.999	0.986	>0.999
		PSP	>0.999	>0.999	>0.999	>0.999
		PPV	>0.999	>0.999	>0.999	>0.999
		NPV	0.999	>0.999	>0.999	>0.999
Application 2 Se = 0.989; Sp = 0.980	H(5: 1)	EFF (SD)	0.337 (0.344)	0.588 (0.487)	0.458 (0.437)	0.439 (0.426)
		PSE	0.633	0.987	0.952	0.978
		PSP	0.998	0.983	0.991	0.996
		PPV	0.931	0.756	0.853	0.930
		NPV	0.981	>0.999	0.997	0.999
	H(8: 4: 1)	EFF (SD)	0.258 (0.302)	0.575 (0.424)	0.406 (0.397)	0.396 (0.387)
		PSE	0.513	0.986	0.920	0.967
		PSP	0.999	0.985	0.994	0.997
		PPV	0.947	0.776	0.894	0.948
		NPV	0.975	0.999	0.996	0.998
	A(10 × 10)	EFF (SD)	0.253 (0.053)	0.751 (0.169)	0.394 (0.121)	0.385 (0.120)
		PSE	0.412	0.989	0.892	0.967
		PSP	0.999	0.981	0.994	0.997
		PPV	0.964	0.733	0.889	0.948
		NPV	0.970	0.999	0.994	0.998