Table 5.
Muscle activity during acceleration phase
| Muscle | Condition | Warm-up | Maximum effort | F | Sig | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UT (μV, %MVIC) | LB → RB | 145.25±41.66 | 114.54±69.33 | T | 1.266 | 0.273 |
| RB → RB | 157.73±59.13 | 165.67±76.41 | C | 0.402 | 0.533 | |
| OB → RB | 118.25±48.71b),* | 175.98±66.01 | T×C | 8.355 | 0.008 | |
| Post hoc | F=2.616, Sig=0.096 | F=3.456, Sig=0.093 | ||||
|
| ||||||
| SP (μV, %MVIC) | LB → RB | 165.19±78.80 | 161.04±59.15 | T | 2.552 | 0.124 |
| RB → RB | 174.74±92.67 | 170.07±62.48 | C | 0.171 | 0.683 | |
| OB → RB | 122.97±53.24b),* | 159.81±47.70 | T×C | 2.271 | 0.146 | |
| Post hoc | F=4.311, Sig=0.062 | F=0.131, Sig=0.725 | ||||
|
| ||||||
| IF (μV, %MVIC) | LB → RB | 81.79±47.94 | 90.22±45.91 | T | 18.676 | 0.000 |
| RB → RB | 95.34±40.73 | 113.42±91.73 | C | 0.056 | 0.816 | |
| OB → RB | 155.95±82.42a),**,b),* | 146.55±94.71a),* | T×C | 0.348 | 0.561 | |
| Post hoc | F=12.976, Sig=0.004 | F=1.072, Sig=0.023 | ||||
|
| ||||||
| SA (μV, %MVIC) | LB → RB | 72.85±37.24 | 79.10±36.41 | T | 7.766 | 0.011 |
| RB → RB | 69.11±31.10 | 67.23±27.54 | C | 0.027 | 0.872 | |
| OB → RB | 107.73±68.62a),*,b),* | 95.13±68.49 | T×C | 1.067 | 0.313 | |
| Post hoc | F=8.175, Sig=0.016 | F=1.118, Sig=0.315 | ||||
|
| ||||||
| AD (μV, %MVIC) | LB → RB | 145.22±43.40 | 196.04±74.30 | T | 3.181 | 0.088 |
| RB → RB | 187.34±87.96 | 201.72±85.17 | C | 5.064 | 0.035 | |
| OB → RB | 111.48±35.95b),* | 176.18±71.38 | T×C | 0.213 | 0.600 | |
| Post hoc | F=3.696, Sig=0.081 | F=1.593, Sig=0.236 | ||||
|
| ||||||
| LD (μV, %MVIC) | LB → RB | 130.31±60.64 | 197.61±186.41 | T | 5.853 | 0.020 |
| RB → RB | 150.46±80.43 | 120.63±80.58 | C | 1.555 | 0.225 | |
| OB → RB | 69.40±47.53a),***,b),** | 136.74±77.03 | T×C | 0.000 | 0.999 | |
| Post hoc | F=24.936, Sig=0.000 | F=1.512, Sig=0.247 | ||||
|
| ||||||
| BB (μV, %MVIC) | LB → RB | 117.96±156.66 | 131.26±158.21 | T | 1.885 | 0.184 |
| RB → RB | 123.29±125.44 | 128.85±146.73 | C | 0.002 | 0.963 | |
| OB → RB | 100.24±169.48 | 88.73±44.12 | T×C | 0.320 | 0.578 | |
| Post hoc | F=2.230, Sig=0.163 | F=0.098, Sig=0.907 | ||||
|
| ||||||
| TB (μV, %MVIC) | LB → RB | 112.73±62.23 | 134.34±72.93 | T | 15.182 | 0.001 |
| RB → RB | 115.14±72.08 | 131.69±62.27 | C | 1.147 | 0.296 | |
| OB → RB | 71.70±48.45a),**,b),* | 107.12±56.02 | T×C | 0.622 | 0.439 | |
| Post hoc | F=16.385, Sig=0.002 | F=0.428, Sig=0.656 | ||||
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation.
MVIC, maximal voluntary isometric contraction; LB, light baseball; RB, regular baseball; OB, overweight baseball; UT, upper trapezius; SP, supraspinatus; IF, infraspinatus; SA, serratus anterior; AD, anterior deltoid; LD, latissimus dorsi; BI, bicephalus brachii; TR, triceps brachii.
a)
The difference of light vs. overweigh baseball pitching.
b)
The difference of regular vs. overweight baseball pitching.
*
P<0.05.
**
P<0.01.
***
P<0.001.