Table 1.
Maternal sociodemographic characteristics and pregnancy alcohol and drug use by treatment arm
| Treatment arm | t or χ2 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||
| Choline (n=34) |
Placebo (n=35) |
||
| Maternal characteristics | |||
| Weeks gestation at 1st antenatal visit | 16.1 (4.3) |
14.7 (4.9) |
1.21 |
| Weeks gestation at initial screening | 17.7 (4.5) |
17.0 (4.6) |
0.63 |
| Weeks gestation at randomization | 19.6 (3.8) |
19.5 (3.9) |
0.12 |
| Maternal age at deliverya | 26.4 (5.7) |
26.9 (5.3) |
0.35 |
| Parity | 1.7 (1.8) |
1.4 (1.0) |
0.81 |
| Gravidity | 2.9 (1.9) |
2.7 (1.4) |
0.46 |
| Socioeconomic statusb | 20.9 (8.6) |
21.0 (7.3) |
0.08 |
| Education (years) | 9.2 (1.9) |
9.3 (1.6) |
0.39 |
| Marital status (% married) | 26.5 | 37.1 | 0.90 |
| Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test IQ | 47.9 (10.1) |
46.7 (9.4) |
0.45 |
| Raven Progressive Matricesc | 20.3 (11.5) |
22.6 (12.2) |
0.79 |
| Beck Depression Inventoryd | 8.6 (8.9) |
10.7 (9.6) |
0.94 |
| Life Events (number)d | 7.4 (3.3) |
8.4 (4.5) |
1.05 |
| Perceived Life Stresse | 28.5 (17.8) |
29.9 (24.5) |
0.27 |
| Nutritional indicators | |||
| Dietary caloric intake (kJ/day)f | 9334.7 (2962.0) |
10,528.1 (3952.1) |
1.42 |
| Rate of gestational weight gain (kg/wk) | 0.4 (0.3) |
0.4 (0.3) |
0.86 |
| Dietary choline intake (mg/day)g | |||
| Baseline | 360.4 (215.8) |
368.6 (253.1) |
0.14 |
| Post-treatment (average) | 253.8 (128.7) |
295.2 (112.0) |
1.40 |
| Alcohol during pregnancy | |||
| Absolute alcohol (AA)/day at conception | 1.8 (1.8) |
1.5 (0.9) |
0.93 |
| Drinks/occasion at conception | 4.6 (2.9) |
5.0 (2.7) |
0.61 |
| Frequency of drinking at conception (days/week) | 2.6 (1.4) |
2.1 (1.0) |
1.54 |
| AA/day across pregnancy | 0.9 (0.9) |
0.8 (0.7) |
0.09 |
| Drinks/occasion across pregnancy | 4.1 (2.2) |
4.2 (2.3) |
0.11 |
| Frequency of drinking across pregnancy (days/week) | 1.4 (1.0) |
1.3 (0.9) |
0.19 |
| History of alcohol abuse and/or dependence (%)h | 19.0 (57.6) |
17.0 (51.5) |
0.24 |
| Cigarettes/day during pregnancyi | 7.0 (4.4) |
5.9 (3.1) |
1.06 |
| Marijuana during pregnancy (days/month)i | 9.8 (10.4) |
6.2 (7.6) |
0.70 |
| Methamphetamine during pregnancyi (2 in each group) | 4.4 (3.3) |
0.1 (0.01) |
1.84 |
Values are mean (standard deviation).
Missing for 2 mothers in choline group (1 stillbirth, 1 mother/fetus killed) and 3 mothers in placebo group who were removed from study (1 early spontaneous abortion, 1 stillbirth, 1 twin pregnancy)
Hollingshead (2011) Scale
Missing for 3 choline, 1 placebo
Holmes and Rahe (1967) Missing for 1 placebo
Yumoto et al. (2008) Missing for 1 placebo
Based on multiple pass 24-hr dietary recall interviews, quantified using FoodFinder3®. 4.18 kJ = 1 kcal
Based on choline-indicated food frequency questionnaire (QFFQ; Carter et al. under review), adjusted for daily caloric intake
Based on Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (First et al., 2002). Missing for 2 choline, 2 placebo
Users only (cigarettes: 34 choline, 25 placebo; marijuana: 11 choline, 5 placebo; methamphetamine: 2 choline, 2 placebo)