Table 3.

Choline and choline-related metabolite concentrations by treatment arm

	Choline		Placebo
	n	M ± SD	n	M ± SD
Choline (μM)a
Pre-treatment	29	8.7 ± 2.5	30	8.5 ± 2.3
4 weeks	31	10.7 ± 4.2	28	8.3 ± 1.9
12 weeks	29	14.4 ± 11.5	25	10.6 ± 2.6
Betaine (μM)b
Pre-treatment	29	20.3 ± 6.2	30	18.1 ± 7.3
4 weeks	31	21.8 ± 8.8	28	14.5 ± 4.1
12 weeks	29	20.1 ± 9.4	25	17.0 ± 6.1
Phosphatidylcholine (μM)c
Pre-treatment	29	2178.2 ± 295.8	30	2251.2 ± 413.4
4 weeks	31	2319.5 ± 327.0	28	2405.6 ± 348.5
12 weeks	29	2452.3 ± 301.0	25	2508.8 ± 480.9
Sphingomyelin (μM)d
Pre-treatment	29	608.9 ± 102.7	30	617.9 ± 96.0
4 weeks	31	600.0 ± 99.8	28	625.6 ± 99.7
12 weeks	29	664.4 ± 138.4	25	673.5 ± 149.4

Blood samples missing for 10 women at baseline (1 spontaneous abortion, 1 insufficient blood, 8 sample handling problems); 10, at 4 weeks (1 spontaneous abortion, 1 mother murdered, 1 multiple birth, 6 insufficient blood, 1 sample handling); and 15, at 12 weeks (1 spontaneous abortion, 1 mother murdered, 1 multiple birth, 1 very preterm birth, 3 insufficient blood, 3 sample handling, 5 delivered prior to final laboratory visit).

^a

GLM for choline:

• Group (choline/placebo): t(66) = 2.78, p = 0.007
• Session (pre-treatment/post-treatment), t(105) = 5.10, p < 0.0001
• Group by session interaction, t(105) = 3.36, p = 0.001

^b

GLM for betaine:

• Group (choline/placebo): t(66) = 3.83, p = 0.0003
• Session (pre-treatment/post-treatment), t(105) = 0.08, p = 0.938
• Group by session interaction, t(105) = 0.37, p = 0.712

^c

GLM for phosphatidylcholine:

• Group (choline/placebo): t(66) = 0.96, p = .342
• Session (pre-treatment/post-treatment), t(105) = 2.53, p = 0.013
• Group by session interaction, t(105) = 0.68, p = 0.495

^d

GLM for sphingomyelin:

• Group (choline/placebo): t(66) = 0.50, p = .621
• Session (pre-treatment/post-treatment), t(105) = 1.13, p = 0.261
• Group by session interaction, t(105) = 0.65, p = 0.519