Table 3.

Area growth attributed to the expansion process alone, θ^ge, and split in the two orientations of interest ${\lambda }_1^{\mathit{\text{ge}}}$ and ${\lambda }_2^{\mathit{\text{ge}}}$. Values are calculated for the three points of interest: Red (apex of the expander), Blue (intermediate point between the apex and the periphery), Black (periphery of the expander). The red point, which was consistently deformed the greatest in all models, shows greater expansion-induced growth for the large volume models but not for the small volume ones. Expander-induced growth occurs primarily in the longitudinal axis of the animal.

Model	Points	θge	${\lambda }_1^{\mathit{\text{ge}}}$	${\lambda }_2^{\mathit{\text{ge}}}$
Model 1	Red	1.08	0.99	1.07
	Blue	1.16	1.10	1.06
	Black	1.07	1.04	1.03
Model 2	Red	1.22	1.25	0.99
	Blue	1.00	1.08	0.94
	Black	0.85	0.90	0.95
Model 3	Red	1.02	1.12	0.91
	Blue	0.94	1.00	0.93
	Black	1.06	1.02	1.06
Model 4	Red	1.27	1.19	1.08
	Blue	1.11	1.06	1.06
	Black	0.83	0.90	0.92