Table 4.
Distribution of the principal variables according to ACC/AHA and Flow/Gradient classification.
| Variable | Flow/Gradient Groups | Acc/Aha Groups | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NF/LG (17) | NF/HG (32) | LF/HG (13) | LF/LG (4) | p | D1 (62) | D2 (14) | D3 (4) | p | |
| Gender (% of female) | 43% | 50% | 87% | 33% | 0.01 | 63% | 29% | 67% | 0.05 |
| E/e′ average | 15.6 (9.2–22) | 15.7 (14–18) | 18.2 (14.5–22) | 19.3 (16.5–22) | ns | 15.3 (15.6–19) | 15.6 (12.3–18.4) | 17 (15.2–18) | ns |
| AGE, years | 78 (67–88) | 78 (74–81) | 80 (78–82) | 81 (79–84) | ns | 79.4 (77.5–81) | 78.1 (72.3–84) | 79.3 (73–87) | ns |
| EDVi, ml/m2 | 52 (44.5–59) | 52 (48–56) | 46 (43–48.7) | 45 (41–48) | 0.01 | 49.2 (46–52.3) | 70 (53–84) | 48.2 (41–64) | <0.0001 |
| EF% | 62 (54–71) | 68 (65–70) | 63 (61–66) | 60 (55–66) | ns | 63 (59.5–65.2) | 49 (40.7–53.1) | 60 (57.5–61.3) | 0.01 |
| GLS% | −16.3 (13.8–17) | −15.3 (14–16.4) | −14.4 (12.9–15.9) | −11.5 (10–15.5) | ns | −14.5 (13.6–15) | −10 (9.5–12.3) | −13 (10.7–14.7) | 0.05 |
| LAVi, ml/m2 | 41.4 (31.8–55) | 43.7 (38.1–49) | 46 (38.2–52) | 47 (41–55) | ns | 45 (41–48.7) | 43 (36–49) | 35 (28.2–38) | ns |
| LVMi, g/m2 | 131 (94–160) | 127 (116–137) | 127 (118–135) | 133 (114–143) | ns | 132 (125–138) | 145 (127–155) | 136 (89–155) | ns |
| RWT | 0.5 (0.44–0.57) | 0.5 (0.45–0.55) | 0.54 (0.50–0.57) | 0.55 (0.51–0.57) | ns | 0.51 (0.5–0.54) | 0.44 (0.4–0.5) | 0.54 (0.46–0.58) | 0.005 |
| ZVA, mmHg/ml/m2 | 4.4 (3.4–5.3) | 4.6 (4–5.2) | 5.5 (5.1–5.8) | 6.1 (5.5–6.3) | 0.01 | 5.2 (4.8–5.5) | 4.8 (4.2–5.5) | 5.5 (4.6–6) | ns |
Note: the data are presented as number and %, mean and 95% confidence intervals if normally distributed or median and range interquartile if not normally distributed. ACC/AHA: American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association group: D1) Classical Phenotype (Vmax > 4 m/sec; MG > 40 mmHg; AVAi < 0.6 cm2/m2); D2) Classical Low Flow Low Gradient (Vmax < 4 m/sec; MG < 40 mmHg; AVAi < 0.6 cm2/m2); D3) Paradoxical Low Flow Low Gradient (Vmax < 4 m/sec; MG < 40 mmHg; AVAi < 0.6 cm2/m2, with an SVi < 35 ml/m2). FLOW/GRADIENT GROUP: NF normal flow (Svi > 35 ml/m2); LF low flow (SVi < 35 ml/m2); LG low gradient (mean pressure gradient < 40 mmHg); HG high gradient (mean pressure gradient > 40 mmHg).
EDVi: indexed end-diastolic volume; E/e′: ratio of trans-mitral early diastolic velocity (PW) to tissue early diastolic mitral annular velocity (TDI); EF: ejection fraction; GLS: global longitudinal strain; LAVi: indexed left atrium volume; LVMi: indexed left ventricular mass; RWT: relative wall thickness; ZVA: valvulo-arterial impedance.