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. 2018 Jul 2;8:9964. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-28020-w

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The time pea aphids and cowpea aphids spent in various feeding activities on treated (+genistin, +apigenin, +ferulic acid, and +p-coumaric acid) and control plants. (a–g) Various feeding activities of pea aphids, (h–n) Various feeding activities of cowpea aphids. ‘Phloem feeding’ indicates that aphids are injecting watery saliva into the sieve element and ingesting the phloem sap; ‘potential drops’ indicates that aphids briefly puncture cells during plant penetration; ‘nonpenetration’ indicates that stylets are outside the plants; ‘pathway’ indicates that mostly intramural probing activities between mesophyll or parenchyma cells. Values are the means (±SE) of 15–20 biological replicates. Significant differences: *there was significant difference between the treatment and control at P < 0.05.