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. 2018 Jun 26;9:1467. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01467

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Copyright © 2018 Tu, Hong, Zhang, Wang, Körner and Wei.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Speculative ontogeny of fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) and macrophage-like synoviocytes (MLS). Macrophages from different organs/tissues are derived from embryonic stem cells (primitive and definitive hematopoiesis) or circulating monocytes (22). During murine embryogenesis, primitive hematopoiesis is firstly detected in blood islands of the yolk sac at around E7.5, which followed by definitive hematopoiesis in aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) regions, then shifts to the fetal liver, spleen, and bone marrow. MLS most certainly are derived from embryonic precursor cells but the detailed ontogeny is still elusive. FLS may originate from Gdf5 + mesenchymal cells (E7.5, Day 7.5 at embryonic stage; E9.0, Day 9 at embryonic stage; E11.0, Day 11 at embryonic stage; E19.5, Day 19.5 at embryonic stage).