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. 2018 Jun 26;9:1467. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01467

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Copyright © 2018 Tu, Hong, Zhang, Wang, Körner and Wei.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The current experimental and clinical FLS- and MLS-targeting treatments of RA. (1) Using of immune-modifying microparticles (polystyrene, micro-diamonds, or biodegradable poly-microparticles) to remove circulating monocytes or prevent the recruitment of monocytes into joints; (2) DMARDs to inhibit FLS or MLS secreted pro-inflammatory cytokines; (3) TNF-α monoclonal antibodies and TNF receptor 2–IgG1 fusion protein to specifically repress TNF-α-induced inflammation; (4) IL-6 antibodies to specifically repress IL-6-induced inflammation; (5) agents that targeting GM-CSF/GM-CSF-R/IRF-5 regulatory axis in MLS; (6) CDH11 antibody (FLS); (7) inhibitory agents to target JNK1, MKK7, and MAP3K7 in FLS and MLS; (8) CD64 antibody (FLS). Abbreviations: DMARDs, disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs; CD64, complement component 64; RA, rheumatoid arthritis; FLS, fibroblast-like synoviocytes; MSL, macrophage-like synoviocytes; CDH11, cadherin-11.