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. 2018 Jun 26;9:675. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00675

FIGURE 1.

FIGURE 1

Influence of vagotomy on the anti-arthritic effect of sinomenine (SIN). Rats were subjected to left cervical vagotomy or sham surgery 4 days before the induction of CIA. SIN was intragastrically administered daily for 2 weeks from day 14 to day 28. Nicotine (NIC), as positive control, was intraperitoneally injected from day 14 to 28. Rats in other groups were administered with an equal volume of vehicle during the treatment period. (A) The paw swelling and arthritis index were determined. (B) Photographs of representative hind paws were taken, and histopathological changes of right ankle joints in each group were determined by HE staining (original magnification 200×). (C) The histological scores of each group were calculated. (D) The serum levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 were measured by ELISA. (E) The serum levels of IFN-γ, IL-10, and TGF-β were measured by ELISA. Data were expressed as means ± SEM, n = 6–8. F-values were 18.37 for paw swelling and 10.32 for arthritis index in (A). #P < 0.05 and ##P < 0.01 versus Sham; ∗P < 0.05 and ∗∗P < 0.01 versus Model; &P < 0.05 and &&P < 0.01 versus SIN.