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. 2018 Jun 26;9:675. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00675

FIGURE 2.

FIGURE 2

Influence of M and N receptor antagonists on the anti-arthritic effect of sinomenine (SIN). Rats were intragastrically administered with SIN and intraperitoneally injected with ATR, pilocarpine (PILO), hexamethonium (HEX) or nicotine (NIC) from day 14 to day 28. (All data in this figure are from the same group of animal.) ATR or HEX was given 30 min before the administration of vehicle or SIN. (A,D) The paw swelling and arthritis index were determined. (B,E) Photographs of representative hind paws were taken, and histopathological changes of right ankle joints in each group were determined by HE staining (original magnification 200×). (C,F) The histological scores of each group were calculated. (G) The serum levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 were measured by ELISA. Data were expressed as means ± SEM, n = 6–8. F-values were 3.92 for paw swelling and 6.59 for arthritis index in (A), and F-values were 11.98 for paw swelling and 9.25 for arthritis index in (D). #P < 0.05 and ##P < 0.01 versus Normal; ∗P < 0.05 and ∗∗P < 0.01 versus Model; &P < 0.05 and &&P < 0.01 versus SIN.