Table 2.

Comparison of serum activin A and follistatin levels according to glycemic status.

	Normal (n = 215)	Prediabetes (n = 168)	Diabetes (n = 87)	p value Normal vs. Prediabetes	p value Normal vs. Diabetes	p value Prediabetes vs. Diabetes	p value between groups	Effect size	Observed power
ANOVA
Activin A, pg/ml	491.2 ± 165.3	559.0 ± 178.5	572.7 ± 167.0	<0.001	<0.001	0,544	<0.001	0.044	0.990
Follistatin, pg/ml	1513 ± 586.3	1577.4 ± 523.1	1803.7 ± 802.5	0.312	<0.001	0.006	0.001	0.029	0.925
Activin A / follistatin	0.36 ± 0.17	0.39 ± 0.19	0.37 ± 0.18	0.130	0.680	0.433	0.314	0.005	0.255
cIMT, mm	0.71 ± 0.17	0.71 ± 0.14	0.76 ± 0.17	0.017	0.022	0.021	0.015	0.018	0.738
ANCOVA 1
Activin A, pg/ml	508.6 ± 11.2	542.6 ± 12.4	561.2 ± 17.7	0.045	0.015	0.386	0.027	0.016	0.671
Follistatin, pg/ml	1536.8 ± 42.7	1547.7 ± 47.0	1804.3 ± 66.8	0.870	0.001	0.002	0.002	0.027	0.892
Activin A / follistatin	0.37 ± 0.01	0.39 ± 0.01	0.37 ± 0.02	0.273	0.818	0.267	0.416	0.004	0.201
cIMT, mm	0.69 ± 0.01	0.73 ± 0.01	0.75 ± 0.02	0.040	0.003	0.198	0.008	0.021	0.799
ANCOVA 2
Activin A, pg/ml	508.8 ± 11.3	542.4 ± 12.5	561.1 ± 17.7	0.052	0.016	0.385	0.032	0.015	0.649
Follistatin, pg/ml	1536.4 ± 42.8	1547.2 ± 47.2	1805.6 ± 66.5	0.870	0.001	0.001	0.002	0.027	0.899
Activin A/follistatin	0.37 ± 0.01	0.39 ± 0.01	0.36 ± 0.02	0.406	0.721	0.302	0.528	0.003	0.157
cIMT, mm	0.69 ± 0.01	0.73 ± 0.01	0.75 ± 0.02	0.036	0.003	0.190	0.007	0.022	0.818

Data were assessed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to adjust covariates. ANCOVA 1 adjusted confounders: age, sex, waist circumference, coronary artery disease history, anti-hypertensive medication, lipid lowering, current smoker and current alcohol. ANCOVA 2 adjusted confounders the same as ANCOVA 1 setting except body mass index instead of waist circumference. Values are mean ± standard deviation in ANOVA analysis. Values are estimated marginal mean ± standard error in ANCOVA analysis. cIMT: carotid intima-media thickness.