Table 3.
Results of logistic regression analysis to identify factors associated with prediabetes and diabetes mellitus using forward stepwise with all available confounders.
| Univariate | Multivariate | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds ratio (95% CI) | p value | Odds ratio (95% CI) | p value | |
| Age, 1 SD = 9.1 years | 1.51 (1.25–1.82) | <0.001 | ||
| Sex, male = 1 | 1.39 (0.96–2.00) | 0.079 | ||
| BMI, 1 SD = 3.6 kg/m2 | 1.87 (1.50–2.33) | <0.001 | ||
| WC, 1 SD = 9.5 cm | 1.74 (1.42–2.13) | <0.001 | ||
| MNA score, 1 SD = 2.0 | 0.94 (0.78–1.13) | 0.496 | ||
| Current smoker, yes = 1 | 1.26 (0.80–1.98) | 0.318 | ||
| Current alcohol, yes = 1 | 0.78 (0.53–1.15) | 0.205 | ||
| Hypertension, yes = 1 | 2.86 (1.97–4.17) | <0.001 | ||
| CAD history, yes = 1 | 1.47 (0.57–3.80) | 0.429 | ||
| Lipid lowering, yes = 1 | 3.15 (1.56–6.34) | 0.001 | ||
| Anti-hypertension, yes = 1 | 1.94 (1.28–2.93) | 0.002 | ||
| SBP, 1 SD = 17.2 mmHg | 1.55 (1.27–1.89) | <0.001 | ||
| HBA1c, 0.1% increment | 2.39 (2.01–2.85) | <0.001 | 2.91 (2.24–3.79) | <0.001 |
| FPG, 1 SD = 30.5 mg/dl | 11.05 (5.98–20.42) | <0.001 | 56.03 (14.09–222.82) | <0.001 |
| Hs-CRP, 1 SD = 3.7 mg/l | 1.05 (0.87–1.27) | 0.615 | ||
| eGFR, 1 SD = 24.5 ml/min/1.73 m2 | 0.71 (0.58–0.88) | 0.029 | ||
| ALT, 1 SD = 21.9 U/l | 1.05 (0.87–1.27) | 0.605 | ||
| TC, 1 SD = 34.9 mg/dl | 0.94 (0.79–1.13) | 0.530 | ||
| LDL-C, 1 SD = 34.7 mg/dl | 0.92 (0.77–1.11) | 0.384 | 0.63 (0.42–0.94) | 0.024 |
| HDL-C, 1 SD = 13.0 mg/dl | 0.86 (0.72–1.04) | 0.113 | ||
| TG, 1 SD = 131.2 mg/dl | 1.60 (1.10–2.21) | 0.013 | ||
| Uric acid, 1 SD = 1.4 mg/dl | 1.31 (1.09–1.57) | 0.004 | 1.82 (1.71–2.82) | 0.008 |
| Activin A, 1 SD = 173.9 pg/ml | 1.63 (1.31–2.03) | <0.001 | 2.68 (1.52–4.73) | 0.001 |
| Follistatin, 1 SD = 619.2 pg/ml | 1.27 (1.05–1.54) | 0.016 | ||
| Activin A/follistatin ratio, 1 SD = 0.18 | 1.13 (0.94–1.37) | 0.195 | 0.56 (0.32–0.99) | 0.046 |
| UACR, 1 SD = 227.1 mg/g | 1.47 (1.03–2.12) | 0.035 | ||
| cIMT, 1 SD = 0.16 mm | 1.12 (0.93–1.35) | 0.222 | ||
| HOMA-IR, per 1-unit increment | 2.19 (1.74–2.75) | <0.001 | ||
| IGF-1, 1 SD = 52.1 ng/ml | 0.87 (0.72–1.04) | 0.124 | ||
CI: confidence interval; SD: standard deviation; BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference; MNA: mini-nutrition assessment; CAD: coronary artery disease; SBP: systolic blood pressure; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; TC: total cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; UACR: urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio; cIMT: carotid intimal thickness; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model of assessment–insulin resistance; IGF-1: insulin-like growth factor-1. Factors adjusted for in the analysis include, BMI, MNA score, hypertension, eGFR, activin A, follistatin by forward stepwise method.