Table 4.
Results of logistic regression analysis to identify factors associated with diabetes mellitus using forward stepwise with all available confounders.
| Univariate | Multivariate | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds ratio (95% CI) | p value | Odds ratio (95% CI) | p value | |
| Age, 1 SD = 9.1 years | 1.16 (0.92–1.46) | 0.225 | ||
| Sex, male = 1 | 1.09 (0.68–1.73) | 0.722 | ||
| BMI, 1 SD = 3.6 kg/m2 | 1.46 (1.16–1.82) | 0.001 | ||
| WC, 1 SD = 9.5 cm | 1.62 (1.28–2.05) | <0.001 | ||
| MNA score, 1 SD = 2.0 | 0.77 (0.62–0.95) | 0.017 | ||
| Current smoker, yes = 1 | 1.29 (0.74–2.23) | 0.372 | ||
| Current alcohol, yes = 1 | 0.58 (0.34–1.00) | 0.050 | 0.14 (0.03–0.56) | 0.005 |
| Hypertension, yes = 1 | 2.61 (1.59–4.30) | <0.001 | ||
| CAD history, yes = 1 | 1.61 (0.56–4.59) | 0.375 | ||
| Lipid lowering, yes = 1 | 4.20 (2.24–7.86) | <0.001 | ||
| Anti-hypertension, yes = 1 | 2.32 (1.43–3.76) | 0.001 | ||
| SBP, 1 SD = 17.2 mmHg | 1.44 (1.14–1.81) | 0.002 | ||
| HBA1c, 0.1% increment | 1.63 (1.46–1.82) | <0.001 | 1.70 (1.44–2.00) | <0.001 |
| FPG, 1 SD = 30.5 mg/dl | 24.21 (11.78–49.75) | <0.001 | 13.99 (4.49–46.61) | <0.001 |
| Hs-CRP, 1 SD = 3.7 mg/l | 1.02 (0.81–1.29) | 0.863 | ||
| eGFR, 1 SD = 24.5 ml/min/1.73 m2 | 0.79 (0,62–1.01) | 0.062 | ||
| ALT, 1 SD = 21.9 U/l | 1.17 (0.96–1.44) | 0.119 | ||
| TC, 1 SD = 34.9 mg/dl | 0.69 (0.54–0.89) | 0.004 | ||
| LDL-C, 1 SD = 34.7 mg/dl | 0.69 (0.54–0.88) | 0.003 | ||
| HDL-C, 1 SD = 13.0 mg/dl | 0.64 (0.48–0.84) | 0.001 | ||
| TG, 1 SD = 131.2 mg/dl | 1.42 (1.09–1.85) | 0.010 | ||
| Uric acid, 1 SD = 1.4 mg/dl | 1.13 (0.91–1.42) | 0.272 | 2.20 (1.29–3.76) | 0.004 |
| Activin A, 1 SD = 173.9 pg/ml | 1.30 (1.05–1.62) | 0.015 | ||
| Follistatin, 1 SD = 619.2 pg/ml | 1.46 (1.18–1.82) | 0.001 | ||
| Activin A/follistatin ratio, 1 SD = 0.18 | 0.984 (0.78–1.25) | 0.892 | ||
| UACR, 1 SD = 227.1 mg/g | 1.49 (1.18–1.88) | 0.001 | ||
| cIMT, 1 SD = 0.16 mm | 1.37 (1.10–1.71) | 0.005 | ||
| HOMA-IR, per 1-unit increment | 1.44 (1.27–1.63) | <0.001 | ||
| IGF-1, 1 SD = 52.1 ng/ml | 0.98 (0.78–1.24) | 0.880 | ||
CI: confidence interval; SD: standard deviation; BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference; MNA: mini-nutrition assessment; CAD: coronary artery disease; SBP: systolic blood pressure; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; TC: total cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; UACR: urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio; cIMT: carotid intimal thickness; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model of assessment–insulin resistance; IGF-1: insulin-like growth factor-1.Factors adjusted for in the analysis include WC, MNA score, lipid lowering, follistatin, UACR, HOMA-IR by forward stepwise method.