Figure 3.

Time course of kidney disease development following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Early acute kidney injury (AKI) develops before stem cell engraftment, while late AKI develops after stem cell engraftment. Nephrotic syndrome (NS) develops on average approximately 1 to 2 years after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) in less than 1% of SCT recipients. Furthermore, some long-term survivors develop chronic kidney failure (CKD), and some of these patients may advance to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The incidence of microalbuminuria, albuminuria, or proteinuria is a sign of future declines in the renal function. Baseline elevations in urinary liver-type fatty acid-binding protein (uL-FABP) portend the incidence of AKI after SCT. CY: cyclophosphamide, TBI: total-body irradiation, MTX: methotrexate, CyA: cyclosporine, and TAC: tacrolimus