Table 1.
Demographic and baseline clinical information of healthy controls and patients with Parkinson's disease with or without comorbid RBD and/or depression.
| Groups | Healthy controls (n = 31) | DEP+RBD+ (n = 14) | DEP-RBD+ (n = 16) | DEP+RBD- (n = 43) | DEP-RBD- (n = 20) | p-Value** | p-Value (between PD groups)** |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (mean ± sd) | 58.0 ± 12.1 | 58.8 ± 9.8 | 59.2 ± 11.6 | 58.5 ± 8.7 | 58.4 ± 9.4 | 0.997 | 0.997 |
| Female/Male no. | 18/13 | 11/3 | 12/4 | 24/19 | 13/7 | 0.441 | 0.441 |
| Handedness (L/R) | 3/28 | 0/14 | 2/14 | 4/36 | 3/17 | 0.717 | 0.716 |
| Education years (mean ± sd) | 15.0 ± 2.8 | 15.1 ± 2.4 | 16.2 ± 2.6 | 15.0 ± 3.0 | 14.8.±3.1 | 0.611 | 0.611 |
| Duration of disease in years (mean ± sd) | – | 7.5 ± 7.5 | 8.5 ± 7.5 | 6.2 ± 6.7 | 6.3 ± 6.8 | – | 0.738 |
| Hoehn & Yahr stage (mean ± sd) | – | 1.8 ± 0.4 | 1.5 ± 0.5 | 1.4 ± 0.5 | 1.7 ± 0.5 | – | 0.146 |
| UPDRS III* (mean ± sd) | – | 21.7 ± 8.3 | 21.8 ± 11.4 | 19.3 ± 7.3 | 24.7±.8.7 | – | 0.163 |
| MOCA* score (mean ± sd) | 28.4 ± 1.1 | 27.4 ± 2.2 | 27.5 ± 1.8 | 27.6 ± 1.8 | 27.6 ± 2.4 | 0.324 | 0.955 |
| RBD* score (mean ± sd) | 3.4 ± 2.1 | 7.4 ± 2.0 | 7.1 ± 1.4 | 2.5 ± 1.1 | 2.3 ± 1.1 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| GDS* score (mean ± sd) | 4.4 ± 1.1 | 5.1 ± 0.9 | 3.2 ± 1.1 | 5.2 ± 0.4 | 3.3 ± 1.1 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| ESS* scale (mean ± sd) | 6.7 ± 4.3 | 7.4 ± 3.1 | 7.5 ± 3.8 | 5.5 ± 3.2 | 6.2 ± 3.0 | 0.263 | 0.126 |
| UPSIT (mean ± sd) | 33.1 ± 4.3 | 21.6 ± 9.9 | 19.6 ± 8.4 | 24.8 ± 8.1 | 24.3 ± 6.8 | <0.001 | 0.145 |
*
UPDRS III, Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale part III; ESS, Epworth Sleepiness Scale; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; RBD, REM sleep Behaviour Disorder Screening Questionnaire; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; UPSIT, the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT).
**
p-value of one-way ANOVA analysis for age, education years, disease duration, and UPSIT; Pearson Chi-square for gender, handedness, and H&Y stage; and Kruskal–Wallis test for ESS, UPRDS part III, GDS scale, MoCA score, and RBDSQ. P < 0.05 are considered statistically significant.