Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study population.
| Parameters | Overall population (n 206) | MS (n 99) | No MS (n 107) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age years (mean + SD) | 71 ± 9 | 70 ± 7 | 72 ± 8 | n.s. |
| Male n (%) | 145 (70.2) | 69 (69.7) | 76 (71) | n.s. |
| NYHA class II | 45 (21.8) | 24 (24.2) | 21 (19.6) | n.s. |
| NYHA class III | 160 (77.7) | 75 (75.8) | 85 (79.4) | n.s. |
| QRS duration msec | 146.5 ± 11 | 145 ± 11 | 148 ± 11 | n.s. |
| RISK FACTORS | ||||
| Hypertension | 116 (56.3) | 54 (54.5) | 62 (57.9) | n.s. |
| Diabetes | 99 (48) | 62 (62.6) | 33 (30.8) | 0.005* |
| BMI>30 | 97 (47) | 66 (66.6) | 31 (29) | 0.002* |
| Smokers | 108 (52.4) | 49 (49.5) | 59 (55.1) | n.s. |
| Dyslipidemia | 110 (53.4) | 52 (52.5) | 58 (54.2) | n.s. |
| Hypertension | 161 (78.2) | 78 (79.2) | 83 (77.6) | n.s. |
| Ischemic heart failure | 135 (65.5) | 76 (76.8) | 59 (55.1) | 0.047* |
| COPD | 36 (17.5) | 16 (16.2) | 20 (18.7) | n.s. |
| IMPLANTED DEVICE | ||||
| ICD-VVI | 66 (32) | 27 (27.3) | 30 (28) | n.s. |
| ICD-DDD | 140 (68) | 72 (72.7) | 77 (72) | n.s. |
| MEDICATIONS AT BASELINE | ||||
| Amiodarone | 43 (20.8) | 20 (20.2) | 23 (21.5) | n.s. |
| Aspirin | 83 (40.3) | 41 (41.4) | 42 (39.2) | n.s. |
| ACE inhibitors | 56 (27.2) | 37 (37.4) | 19 (17.8) | 0.043* |
| ARS blockers | 62 (30) | 39 (39.4) | 23 (21.5) | 0.033* |
| Sacubitril/valsartan | 52 (25.2) | 24 (24.2) | 28 (26.2) | n.s |
| Beta blockers | ||||
| Carvedilol | 63 (30.6) | 28 (28.3) | 35 (32.7) | n.s. |
| Bisoprolol | 82 (39.8) | 37 (37.4) | 45 (42) | n.s. |
| Warfarin | 73 (35.4) | 32 (32.3) | 41 (38.3) | n.s. |
| NOAC | 41 (19.9) | 22 (22.2) | 19 (17.8) | n.s. |
| Tiklopidine | 4 (1.9) | 2 (2) | 2 (1.8) | n.s. |
| Calcium antagonist | 7 (3.4) | 3 (3) | 4 (3.7) | n.s. |
| Ivabradine | 61 (29.6) | 30 (30.3) | 31 (29) | n.s. |
| Digoxin | 65 (31.5) | 30 (30.3) | 35 (32.7) | n.s. |
| Loop diuretics | 190 (92.2) | 91 (91.9) | 99 (92.5) | n.s. |
| Aldosterone Blockers | 146 (64.6) | 76 (76.8) | 70 (65.4) | n.s. |
| Statins | 147 (71.4) | 70 (70.7) | 77 (72) | n.s. |
| Insulin | 41 (19.9) | 31 (31.3) | 10 (9.3) | 0.041* |
| Oral Hipoglicemic drugs | 88 (42.7) | 57 (57.6) | 31 (29) | 0.022* |
| ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC PARAMETERS | ||||
| LVEF | 27.4 ± 5.4 | 27.4 + 5.7 | 28.2 ± 5.1 | n.s. |
| LVEDd | 67 ± 8 | 69 ± 6 | 66 ± 9 | n.s. |
| LVESd | 43 ± 7 | 42 ± 6 | 44 ± 8 | n.s. |
| LVEDv | 197 ± 39 | 194 ± 29 | 200 ± 48 | n.s. |
| LVESv | 135 ± 28 | 133 ± 21 | 138 ± 35 | n.s. |
| MITRAL INSUFFICIENCY | ||||
| + | 103 (50) | 45 (45.4) | 53 (49.2) | n.s. |
| ++ | 80 (38.8) | 38 (38.4) | 42 (39.3) | n.s. |
| +++ | 26 (12.6) | 15 (15.2) | 12 (11.5) | n.s. |
| BIOMARKERS | ||||
| LYMPHOCYTES | 7.92 ± 2.13 | 7.92 ± 2.12 | 7.62 ± 2.36 | n.s. |
| NEUTROPHILES | 5.31 ± 1.81 | 5.32 ± 1.80 | 5.26 ± 2.07 | n.s. |
| IL-6 | 25.15 ± 1.9 | 26.08 ± 2.93 | 25.14 ± 2.79 | n.s. |
| CRP | 8.25 ±0.81 | 9.16 ±0.94 | 7.35 ±0.69 | 0.05* |
| BNP | 487.01 ±28.9 | 630.78 ±50.25 | 487.01 ±42.47 | 0.001* |
| ST2 | 82 ±5.34 | 134.12 ±5.7 | 82 ±7.85 | 0.001* |
| TnI | 0.15 ±0.0005 | 0.152 ±0.007 | 0.154 ±0.007 | n.s. |
| CKMB | 1.25 ±0.15 | 1.252 ±0.22 | 1.247 ±0.21 | n.s. |
In this table we have reported at baseline clinical characteristics, drug therapy, and echocardiographic parameters comparing Metabolic Syndrome (MS) patients v/s overall population (no MS). ACE is for angiotensin converting enzyme; ARS is for angiotensin receptros; BMI is for body mass index; BNP is B type natriuretic peptide; CKMB is cretin kinase MB fraction; COPD is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRP is C reactive protein; ICD-VVI is for single chamber internal cardioverter defibrillator; ICD-DDD is for dual chamber internal cardioverter defibrillator; IL-6 is interleukin 6; y is for year; in mitral insufficiency the simble + is for low grade of reflow, ++ for moderate grade of reflow, +++ is more than moderate; LVEDd is for left ventricle diastolic diameter; LVESd is for left ventricle systolic diameter; LVEDv is for left ventricle end diastolic volume; LVESv is for left ventricle end sistolic volume; LVEF is for left ventricle ejection fraction; n is for number; NYHA is for New York Hearth Association; NOAC is for new oral anticoagulant; SD is for standard deviation; ST2 is protein ST2; TnI is troponine I. Statistical analysis has been conducted to compare categorical data with the exact Pearson's χ2 test. We considered a two-sided p-value of < 0.05 as statistically significant. A p-value < 0.05 has been marked with * symbol. A p > 0.05 is named as n.s.