Table 2.

Déjà-rêvé induced by EBS in the literature.

All but one of the patients suffered from refractory epilepsy involving the temporal lobes. AD: Afterdischarge. A: Ambidextrous. EBS: Electrical brain stimulation. Elec.: Electrodes. EZ: Epileptogenic zone. Rem.: Reminiscence. F: Female. Hand.: Handedness. L: Left. M: Male. R: Right. “?”: Data missing.* Exact intensity unknown.

Source	Patient	Experiential phenomena	Age	EBS location	Dreamy state in seizures	EBS Hemisphere	EBS Technique	Type
Baldwin, 1960	E.O.	‘I dreamed (one night) my dad was in the shoe business.’	17	Medium temporal gyrus	?	L	Awake surgery	Unclassifiable
Van Buren et al., 1961	M.B.	‘I saw something, a dream, a nightmare I had a couple years ago. A dream of an object lying on a table.’ ‘A feeling in the stomach and chest […]. I might have a spell.’	19	Antero-inferior temporal pole	Yes	?	Depth elec. (60 Hz/2.5 ms)	Episodic-like
Van Buren et al., 1961	M.B.	Stimulation both of the medial and laterally lying electrodes produced ‘a funny feeling like passing out’ (she was unable to define it), ‘I feel like I dreamed it,’ later ‘like something I had seen - like I am floating.’ With further questioning and restimulation she still was unable to define the sensation saying, ‘I can't remember it.’	19	Antero-inferior temporal pole	Yes	?	Depth elec. (60 Hz/2.5 ms)	Dreamy state
Van Buren et al., 1961	M.B	Restimulation with the same parameters caused him to make the same remark. Later with stimulation he remarked that he had had a ‘different dream but I have forgotten.’	19	Antero-inferior temporal pole	Yes	?	Depth elec. (60 Hz/2.5 ms)	Unclassifiable
Van Buren et al., 1961	M.B.	On restimulation he said: ‘In a dream I have had before, a monkey doing something impossible.’	19	Antero-inferior temporal pole	Yes	?	Depth elec. (60 Hz/2.5 ms)	Episodic-like
Penfield, 1963	R.B.	Stimulation without warning. He said, ‘Now I hear them.’ Then he added, ‘A little like in a dream.’	21	Superior temporal gyrus	Yes	L	Awake surgery (40-100 Hz/2.5 ms)	Dreamy state
Penfield, 1963	R.B.	‘People's voices.’ When asked, he said, ‘Relatives, my mother.’ When asked if it was over, he said, ‘I do not know.’ When asked if he also realized he was in the operating room, he said ‘Yes.’ He explained it seemed like a dream.	21	Superior temporal gyrus	Yes	L	Awake surgery (40-100 Hz/2.5 ms)	Dreamy state
Penfield, 1963	R.W.	He said nothing for a short interval, and then he said, ‘Oh, gee, gosh, robbers are coming at me with guns!’ He heard nothing, he just saw them coming at him. The robbers seemed to have been coming at an angle from the left. When asked if they came in front of him, he said no they were behind him. This seems to be the reproduction not of a real event, but of a fantasy or a dream drawn from the reading of a comic book, a silent fantasy devoid of auditory components.	12	Superior temporal gyrus	Yes	R	Awake surgery (40-100 Hz/2.5 ms)	Unclassifiable
Penfield, 1963	M.G.	After stimulation was over she said, ‘I had a dream—I wasn't here.’ She said it was not like the dreams she had had before.	16	Superior temporal gyrus	Yes	R	Awake surgery (40-100 Hz/2.5 ms)	Unclassifiable
Penfield, 1963	M.G.	Repeated without warning. Patient said, ‘Dream.’ After stimulation was over she seemed to find it difficult to explain for a time. Finally, she said it was gone. She said, ‘I seemed to be here, but things sounded different.’ She also heard a lot of ‘funny sounds’.	16	Superior temporal gyrus	Yes	R	Awake surgery (40-100 Hz/2.5 ms)	Unclassifiable
Penfield, 1963	M.G.	Repeated. ‘Another dream. People were coming in and out and I heard boom, boom, boom.’ She said, ‘I don't remember the rest.’	16	Superior temporal gyrus	Yes	R	Awake surgery (40-100 Hz/2.5 ms)	Dreamy state
Penfield, 1963	M.G.	It's a dream. There are a lot of people—I don't remember the rest. When asked whether she heard or saw people, she said, ‘I don't seem to see them—I hear them. I don't hear them talking, I just hear their feet.’	16	Superior temporal gyrus	Yes	R	Awake surgery (40-100 Hz/2.5 ms)	Dreamy state
Penfield, 1963	C.Ft.	Patient said, ‘Very faint dream came back.’	27	Superior temporal gyrus	Yes	R	Awake surgery (40-100 Hz/2.5 ms)	Unclassifiable
Penfield, 1963	G. L.	She reported, ‘Something coming to me from somewhere. A dream.’ When asked whether it was like an attack, she said, ‘Yes.’	29	Parahippocampal gyrus	Yes	L	Awake surgery (40-100 Hz/2.5 ms)	Dreamy state
Penfield, 1963	G. L.	She said, ‘Wait a minute, something flashed over me, something I dreamt.’	29	Superior temporal gyrus	Yes	L	Awake surgery (40-100 Hz/2.5 ms)	Familiarity-like
Penfield, 1963	G. L.	She said, ‘I keep having dreams.’	29	Hippocampus	Yes	L	Awake surgery (40-100 Hz/2.5 ms)	Dreamy state
Penfield, 1963	G. L.	Repeated. ‘I keep seeing things—I keep dreaming of things.’	29	Hippocampus	Yes	L	Awake surgery (40-100 Hz/2.5 ms)	Dreamy state
Penfield, 1963	H.P.	She said she felt as though she might have had an attack. When asked what she meant, she said, ‘I had that dream, but it passed over.’	16	Superior temporal gyrus	Yes	R	Awake surgery (40-100 Hz/2.5 ms)	Dreamy state
Penfield, 1963	H.P.	Repeated. ‘I am seeing somebody.’ When asked if it was the same sort of thing she sees in the dream, she said, ‘Yes.’	16	Medium temporal gyrus	Yes	R	Awake surgery (40-100 Hz/2.5 ms)	Unclassifiable
Penfield, 1963	H.P.	Stimulation was continued for something less than a minute. Patient said she felt dizzy. ‘A dream is starting. There are a lot of people.’ When asked if they were speaking, she said she did not know. When asked where they were, she said, ‘In the living room. I think one of them is my mother.’	16	Medium temporal gyrus	Yes	R	Awake surgery (40-100 Hz/2.5 ms)	Dreamy state
Penfield, 1963	S.Be	Repeated without warning. After withdrawal of the electrode, he said ‘Someone was speaking to another and he mentioned a name but I could not understand it.’ When asked whether he saw the person, he replied, ‘It was just like a dream.’ When asked if the person was there he said, ‘Yes, sir, about where the nurse with the eyeglasses is sitting over there.’	25	Superior temporal gyrus	Yes	R	Awake surgery (40-100 Hz/2.5 ms)	Dreamy state
Penfield, 1963	N.C.	‘I had a dream. I had a book under my arm and I was talking to a man. The man was trying to reassure me not to worry about the book.’ When asked, she said she did not know what the book was or who the man was.	23	Medium temporal gyrus	No	L	Awake surgery (40-100 Hz/2.5 ms)	Dreamy state
Penfield, 1963	N.C.	Repeated without warning, 20 min after the previous stimulation at this point. When asked afterward if she had noticed anything, she said, ‘I noticed I was having a dream, but I do not know what it was, it was crazy.’	23	Medium temporal gyrus	No	L	Awake surgery (40-100 Hz/2.5 ms)	Dreamy state
Penfield, 1963	N.C.	‘Another dream, crazy.’	23	Medium temporal gyrus	No	L	Awake surgery (40-100 Hz/2.5 ms)	Dreamy state
Penfield, 1963	G.E.	‘I see the nurse.’ When asked afterward, she said, ‘It was a little dream.’ She saw the nurse just as she is now.	22	Occipital	Yes	R	Awake surgery (40-100 Hz/2.5 ms)	Unclassifiable
Penfield, 1963	H.N.	The patient said, ‘I had a dream.’ When he was asked if it was like an attack, he replied, ‘Not the way they used to be.’	19	Superior temporal gyrus	Yes	L	Awake surgery (40-100 Hz/2.5 ms)	Unclassifiable
Penfield, 1963	H.N.	The patient said suddenly, ‘I am starting to get this dream! I can't hear.’	19	Superior temporal gyrus	Yes	L	Awake surgery (40-100 Hz/2.5 ms)	Unclassifiable
Weingarten et al., 1976	53(a)	The patient felt as though she were having a recurrent dream in which she saw 2 dogs in her old house.	24	Hippocampus	Yes	R	Depth electrodes (10 Hz/100 μs)	Episodic-like
Weingarten et al., 1976	36	Feels like a dream.	?	Medium temporal gyrus	Yes	L	Depth electrodes (10 Hz/100 μs)	Unclassifiable
Halgren et al., 1978		Dream-like hallucinations were reported by 3 of the 36 patients (No. 16, 49, and 53). Hallucinations of formed visual images were classified as dream-like if they were described by the patient as being like a dream, day dream, movie, television program, or cartoon.	?	Medial temporal lobe	?	?	Depth electrodes	Unclassifiable
Bancaud et al., 1994	19	A second right amygdala stimulation evoked ‘a feeling of déjà-vécu, like a dream, a little odor, things seem far away, I have fear—it is my seizure’.	31	Amygdala	?	R	Depth electrodes	Unclassifiable
Blanke et al., 2000	A.M.	The patient described that ‘I feel that I'm in a castle’ and ‘it is a little bit incoherent, like in dreams’ and that ‘it seems to me that it is never the same subject, each time it is a different thing.’ On questioning she described her sensations as neutral and said that ‘it leaves her totally unaffected, as if I would be outside things’ and ‘as if the things would be passing me, I'm there, but I do not feel concerned, it is as if I would be watching TV and not paying attention to the film.’	27	Lateral frontal cortex	Yes	L	Subdural grids	Dreamy state
Blanke et al., 2000	D.K.	She repeatedly reported the presence of a ‘young, tall man with short black hair in a white coat’ in the neighboring room to her right, i.e., in the contralateral space with respect to the stimulated hemisphere. The sensation was described as ‘an idea or a thought, like dreaming.’ The room in which she located the man was the adjacent EEG laboratory, the door of which was closed at the time of stimulation.	18	Lateral frontal cortex	No	L	Subdural grids	Unclassifiable
Vignal et al., 2007	16.40	Dream	27	Hippocampus	Yes	L	Depth electrodes	Unclassifiable
Vignal et al., 2007	12.28	Familiar dream	18	Amygdala	Yes	L	Depth electrodes	Unclassifiable