Table 3.

Multivariate adjusted association between sociodemographic characteristics and frailty status

	Pre-frail vs non-frail	Frail vs non-frail
Sex
Male	1 (ref)	1 (ref)
Female	1·19 (1·17–1·20)	1·21 (1·17–1·26)
Age
37–<45 years	1 (ref)	1 (ref)
45–<55 years	0·96 (0·94–0·98)	1·15 (1·08–1·23)
55–<65 years	0·93 (0·91–0·94)	1·13 (1·06–1·20)
65–73 years	1·00 (0·98–1·03)	1·18 (1·10–1·27)
Socioeconomic deprivation quintile*
1	1 (ref)	1 (ref)
2	1·05 (1·03–1·07)	1·19 (1·10–1·27)
3	1·15 (1·13–1·17)	1·48 (1·38–1·58)
4	1·28 (1·25–1·30)	2·07 (1·94–2·21)
5	1·62 (1·59–1·65)	3·71 (3·49–3·94)
Smoking status
Never	1 (ref)	1 (ref)
Previous	1·05 (1·03–1·06)	1·07 (1·03–1·12)
Current	1·42 (1·39–1·45)	2·47 (2·36–2·60)
Alcohol frequency
Daily	0·88 (0·87–0·90)	0·75 (0·71–0·80)
1–4 times per week	1 (ref)	1 (ref)
1–3 times per month	1·23 (1·20–1·25)	1·48 (1·40–1·57)
Occasional or never	1·59 (1·56–1·61)	3·09 (2·97–3·22)
Body-mass index
≤18·5	1·48 (1·36–1·61)	2·92 (2·41–3·53)
>18·5–25	1 (ref)	1 (ref)
>25·0–30	1·35 (1·33–1·37)	1·51 (1·42–1·59)
>30	2·18 (2·14–2·22)	4·10 (3·90–4·31)
Multimorbidity
No long-term conditions	1 (ref)	1 (ref)
One long-term condition	1·32 (1·30–1·34)	2·27 (2·12–2·42)
Two long-term conditions	1·72 (1·69–1·75)	5·12 (4·80–5·47)
Three long-term conditions	2·25 (2·20–2·31)	10·4 (9·69–11·1)
At least four long-term conditions	3·31 (3·21–3·42)	27·1 (25·3–29·1)

The model used was adjusted for age (categorical), sex, socioeconomic status (Townsend score), smoking status, alcohol use frequency, body-mass index, and multimorbidity count. The results are based on n=488 087 participants with complete data for all covariates (5650 [1%] of 493 737 had missing data and were excluded).

^*Socioeconomic deprivation quintile scale indicates those that are the least (1) and most (5) deprived.