Table 3.
Meta-analyzed prescriptive stereotypes (d) by target age.
| Characteristic | Toddlers | Elementary-school age | Adolescents | Young adults | Adults | Elderly | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| d | M | F | d | M | F | d | M | F | d | M | F | d | M | F | d | M | F | |
| Agentic | 0.45 | 0.47 | + | 0.76 | + | 0.89 | + | 1.09 | + | 0.59 | + | |||||||
| Communal | −0.45 | + | −0.85 | + | −0.93 | + | −1.23 | + | −1.01 | + | −0.63 | + | ||||||
| Dominant | 0.16 | 0.66 | – | 0.63 | – | 0.85 | – | 0.86 | – | 0.26 | ||||||||
| Weak | −0.33 | −0.70 | – | −0.72 | – | −0.68 | – | −0.85 | – | −0.58 | – | |||||||
| Emotional | −0.33 | −0.51 | – | −0.69 | – | −0.69 | – | −0.48 | – | −0.07 | ||||||||
| Intelligent | −0.08 | −0.04 | 0.33 | 0.53 | + | 0.68 | + | 0.54 | + | |||||||||
| Independent | 0.17 | 0.37 | 0.56 | + | 0.55 | + | 0.97 | + | 0.26 | |||||||||
| Shy | −0.42 | −0.93 | – | −0.84 | – | −0.95 | – | −0.97 | – | −0.46 | ||||||||
| Active | 0.12 | 0.44 | + | 0.75 | + | 0.33 | 0.43 | + | 0.11 | |||||||||
| Likeable | −0.27 | −0.31 | −0.82 | + | −0.24 | −0.23 | −0.05 | |||||||||||
| Helpful | −0.23 | −0.27 | −0.38 | −0.33 | −0.16 | −0.23 | ||||||||||||
| Wholesome | −0.23 | −0.47 | + | −0.52 | + | −0.49 | + | −0.29 | −0.23 | |||||||||
| Rebellious | 0.30 | 0.22 | 0.12 | 0.54 | – | 0.35 | 0.16 | |||||||||||
| Noisy | 0.27 | 0.43 | – | 0.58 | – | 0.64 | – | 0.57 | – | 0.00 | ||||||||
| Sexually active | −0.00 | 0.05 | 0.53 | – | 0.40 | 0.58 | + | 0.36 | ||||||||||
| Masculine interests | 0.23 | 0.56 | + | 0.73 | + | 0.70 | + | 1.04 | + | 0.65 | + | |||||||
| Masculine appearance | 1.36 | + | 1.36 | + | 1.40 | + | 1.33 | + | 1.52 | + | 0.37 | |||||||
| Masculine toys | 1.49 | + | 1.53 | + | 0.96 | – | 0.86 | – | 0.50 | – | −0.15 | |||||||
| Feminine interests | −0.38 | −0.47 | + | −0.86 | + | −0.66 | + | −0.34 | 0.03 | |||||||||
| Feminine appearance | −2.04 | – | + | −2.02 | – | + | −2.23 | – | + | −2.25 | – | + | −2.13 | – | −0.46 | – | ||
| Feminine toys | −2.21 | – | + | −2.63 | – | + | −1.53 | – | −1.38 | – | −0.93 | – | −0.82 | – | ||||
| Count PPS | 2 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 7 | 1 | 3 | 1 | ||||||
| Count NPS | 2 | 0 | 5 | 2 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 0 | ||||||
| Average PPS | 1.43 | 1.57 | 0.87 | 1.29 | 0.84 | 1.07 | 0.80 | 1.16 | 0.90 | 1.01 | 0.59 | 0.63 | ||||||
| Average NPS | 2.12 | 0.00 | 1.36 | 0.54 | 1.20 | 0.68 | 1.19 | 0.72 | 1.07 | 0.65 | 0.62 | 0.00 | ||||||
Positive d-values reflect males were rated higher on that characteristic and negative d-values reflect women were rated higher on that characteristic. d-values in bold meet the criteria to be labeled a positive prescriptive or negative proscriptive stereotype for men or women, with a + indicating a prescription and a – indicating a proscription. Count PPS and Count NPS represent the number of characteristics that meet the criteria to be labeled prescriptive stereotypes and Average PPS and Average NPS are the average effect size of the characteristics that meet the criteria for that age group.