Table 2.
Characteristics of study population included in the present study.
| Variables | All a | Males | Females | P-Value b |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2311 (100%) | 743 (100%) | 1568 (100%) | ||
| Categorical Variables, N (%) | Chi-Squared Test | |||
| Age groups | 0.941 | |||
| <25 years | 882 (38.2) | 282 (37.9) | 600 (38.3) | |
| 25–50 years | 1080 (46.7) | 346 (46.6) | 734 (46.8) | |
| 50 and above | 349 (15.1) | 115 (15.5) | 234 (14.9) | |
| Educational level | <0.001 | |||
| No Education | 542 (23.5) | 141 (19.0) | 401 (25.6) | |
| Primary education | 1119 (48.4) | 328 (44.1) | 791 (50.4) | |
| Secondary education | 551 (23.8) | 222 (29.9) | 329 (21.0) | |
| Tertiary education | 99 (4.3) | 52 (7.0) | 47 (3.0) | |
| Occupation | <0.001 | |||
| Unemployed | 687 (29.7) | 171 (23.0) | 516 (32.9) | |
| Business owners | 309 (13.4) | 76 (10.2) | 233 (14.9) | |
| Professionals | 89 (3.9) | 45 (6.1) | 44 (2.8) | |
| Skilled manual labour | 144 (6.2) | 67 (9.0) | 77 (4.9) | |
| Unskilled manual labour | 77 (3.3) | 47 (6.3) | 30 (1.9) | |
| Farming (including crop, livestock, fishing) | 1005 (43.5) | 337 (45.4) | 668 (42.6) | |
| Religion | 0.180 | |||
| No religion | 8 (0.3) | 6 (0.8) | 2 (0.1) | |
| Muslim | 804 (34.8) | 250 (33.6) | 554 (35.3) | |
| Catholic | 1239 (53.6) | 404 (54.4) | 835 (53.3) | |
| Lutheran | 49 (2.1) | 15 (2.0) | 34 (2.2) | |
| Others | 211 (9.1) | 68 (9.2) | 143 (9.1) | |
| Ethnicity | 0.386 | |||
| Morogoro region | 1352 (58.5) | 421 (56.7) | 931 (59.4) | |
| Iringa region | 282 (12.2) | 86 (11.6) | 196 (12.5) | |
| Shinyanga/Mwanza/Tabora regions | 138 (6.0) | 51 (6.9) | 87 (5.6) | |
| Ruvuma region | 349 (15.1) | 116 (15.6) | 233 (14.9) | |
| Other regions | 190 (8.2) | 69 (9.3) | 121 (7.7) | |
| Consumption of fruits >3 days/week | 1140 (49.3) | 373 (50.2) | 767 (48.9) | 0.684 |
| Consumption of vegetables >3 days/week | 1680 (72.7) | 484 (65.1) | 1196 (76.3) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol consumption in the past 12 months | 333 (14.4) | 163 (21.9) | 170 (10.8) | <0.001 |
| Current smoker | 111 (4.8) | 95 (12.8) | 16 (1.0) | <0.001 |
| Insufficient physical activity | 576 (25) | 138 (19) | 438 (28) | <0.001 |
| Low moderate physical activity | 592 (26) | 143 (19) | 449 (29) | <0.001 |
| Low vigorous physical activity | 1498 (65) | 350 (47) | 1148 (73) | <0.001 |
| Continuous variables, (Median (IQR)) | Median test | |||
| Age in years | 30 (19) | 30 (21) | 29 (18) | 0.426 |
| Minutes per week of moderate physical activity | 720 (1560) | 960 (1740) | 540 (1350) | <0.001 |
| Minutes per week of vigorous physical activity | 0 (480) | 180 (1080) | 0 (150) | <0.001 |
| Minutes per week of total physical activity | 840 (2700) | 1680 (3780) | 660 (2040) | <0.001 |
| Minutes per week of total physical activity due to work | 0 (1200) | 0 (2520) | 0 (0) | <0.001 |
| Minutes per week of total physical activity due to travel | 360 (480) | 420 (660) | 240 (420) | <0.001 |
| Minutes per week of total physical activity due to recreational activities | 120 (600) | 300 (840) | 0 (420) | <0.001 |
Insufficient physical activity was defined as having less than 150 min per week of total physical activity (i.e., moderate physical activity + (2*vigorous physical activity)). Low moderate physical activity defined as having less than 150 min per week of moderate physical activity. Low vigorous physical activity defined as having less than 75 min per week of vigorous physical activity. a All proportions were adjusted for sex; b p-value of the difference between males and females for each variable.