Table 2.
Participants’ background characteristics
| Total (n = 358) |
Direct Channel (n = 212) |
Indirect Channel (n = 146) |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Male, n (%) | 218 (61) | 116 (55) | 102 (70) |
| Age (years, mean ± SD) | 60.3 ± 11.7 | 64.3 ± 11.7 | 54.6 ± 9.5 |
| BMI (%, mean ± SD) | 25.5 ± 5.2 | 24.7 ± 4.6 | 26.8 ± 5.8 |
| Diabetes duration (years, mean ± SD) | 12.2 ± 8.9 | 12.7 ± 9.6 | 11.4 ± 7.8 |
| Number of medications (mean ± SD) | 2.1 ± 1.1 | 2.3 ± 1.1 | 1.9 ± 1.2 |
| Insulin use, n (%) | 78 (22) | 54 (26) | 24 (17) |
| Hypoglycemia (within past year), n (%) | 85 (24) | 55 (26) | 30 (21) |
| Drug-related side effects, n (%) | 84 (23) | 50 (24) | 34 (23) |
| Diabetes patients in family, n (%) | 177 (50) | 115 (55) | 62 (42) |
| TCI-HA score (mean ± SD)a) | 59.6 ± 13.4 | 58.1 ± 14.0 | 61.7 ± 12.4 |
| TCI-SD score (mean ± SD)b) | 56.6 ± 10.0 | 59.4 ± 9.6 | 53.0 ± 9.6 |
| MMAS-8 score (mean ± SD)c) | 6.5 ± 1.6 | 6.6 ± 1.5 | 6.4 ± 1.7 |
| HbA1c level, % (mean ± SD) | 7.2 ± 1.0 | 7.3 ± 1.0 | 7.2 ± 1.1 |
a)TCI-HA: Harm Avoidance in the Temperament and Character Inventory
b)TCI-SD: Self-directedness in the Temperament and Character Inventory
c)MMAS-8: 8-item version of Morisky Medication Adherence Scale