Table 3.

Zero-inflated ordered probit regression estimates of pain Among Older Adults in Yichang, China

	Zero-inflated ordered probit regression (unmatched)			Propensity score adjusted regression (matched)
	Coef.	Std. Err.	P > z	Coef.	Std. Err.	P > z
Nursing home	0.088	0.196	0.655	0.489	0.169	0.004
Age	0.002	0.012	0.833	0.000	0.010	0.992
Male	−0.403	0.165	0.015	−0.538	0.138	0.000
Marital status
(ref. not married)
Married with spouse present	−0.826	0.418	0.048	0.227	0.286	0.428
Widowed	−0.634	0.433	0.143	0.038	0.275	0.891
Education attainment
(ref. no education)
Primary school	−0.489	0.235	0.038	0.001	0.176	0.997
Secondary school	−0.186	0.218	0.393	−0.110	0.173	0.524
High school and above	−0.569	0.302	0.060	−0.393	0.264	0.137
Primary caregiver
(ref. None)
Spouse	0.836	0.308	0.007	0.086	0.207	0.677
Children	0.831	0.305	0.006	0.119	0.215	0.580
Have insurance	−0.105	0.321	0.744	−0.181	0.234	0.438
Monthly income
(ref. less than 4000 RMB)
4000+ RMB	−0.310	0.186	0.096	−0.087	0.145	0.549
No. of behavioral problems	−0.941	0.467	0.044	−0.314	0.369	0.394
Depression score	0.066	0.024	0.007	0.042	0.020	0.035
Mobility
(ref. independent)
Walks with assistance	−0.185	0.184	0.316	0.073	0.153	0.631
Wheelchair-dependent	0.782	0.315	0.013	−0.067	0.240	0.779
Bedbound	–	–		–	–
Toileting
(ref. Independent)
Some supervision	0.334	0.356	0.348	0.140	0.303	0.644
Complete supervision	1.201	0.656	0.067	0.568	1.118	0.611
Some assistance	0.674	0.585	0.249	0.150	0.419	0.720
Complete assistance	0.321	0.504	0.524	0.197	0.424	0.642
Most assistance	1.251	0.634	0.049	0.353	0.736	0.631
Dependent	0.195	0.370	0.598	0.207	0.290	0.475
Have dementia	0.034	0.265	0.897	0.023	0.217	0.917
No. of chronic disease	1.231	0.579	0.033	2.438	0.520	0.000
Have at least one ulcer	1.791	0.808	0.027	0.864	0.471	0.067
Had inpatient service in last 90 days	0.288	0.220	0.190	0.098	0.180	0.586
Constant	−0.088	0.928	0.924	−0.713	0.807	0.377
cut1	−0.864	1.881		−2.008	9.759
cut2	3.240	1.760		2.589	1.234
AIC	1246.717			941.125
BIC	1471.536			1165.944
N	484			484