Table 3.
Unadjusted Odds Ratio for the relationship between ARI symptoms, household environmental characteristics, and maternal and child characteristics, Nigeria, 2003-2013
| Variables | 2003 (n = 5445) | 2008 (n = 24,975) | 2013 (n = 28,950) |
|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Household environment | |||
| Unclean cooking fuel | 0.99 (0.98–1.00) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 2.50 (1.16–5.42)* |
| Cooking inside the house | NA | ||
| Smoking by household members | 1.08 (0.88–1.33) | 2.24 (0.94–5.32) | 1.20 (0.89–1.61) |
| Improved source of drinking water | 0.66 (0.49–0.89)* | 0.86 (0.73–1.03) | 0.79 (0.67–0.96)* |
| Improved toilet | 0.89 (0.70–1.14) | 0.83 (0.71–0.96)* | 0.79 (0.67–0.95)* |
| Quality of housing material | |||
| Poor | NA | 1.34 (1.11–1.61)* | 1.59 (1.32–1.93)* |
| Average | NA | 1.28 (1.03–1.59)* | 1.48 (1.19–1.85)* |
| Good | NA | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Over-crowded sleeping room | 0.95 (0.79–1.14) | 0.87 (0.77–1.00) | 0.93 (0.79–1.10) |
| Wealth quintile | |||
| Poor | 1.45 (1.13–1.85)* | 1.40 (1.15–1.70)* | 1.78 (1.43–2.22)* |
| Middle | 1.42 (1.09–1.84)* | 1.30 (1.06–1.61)* | 1.88 (1.49–2.36)* |
| Rich | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Residence | |||
| Rural | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Urban | 0.82 (0.63–1.06) | 0.93 (0.75–1.16) | 0.74 (0.58–0.93)* |
| Region | |||
| North West | 1.29 (0.83–2.02) | 1.67 (1.13–2.48)* | 4.55 (2.69–7.67)* |
| North East | 2.38 (1.56–3.62)* | 5.28 (3.60–7.75)* | 13.00 (8.23–20.53)* |
| North Central | 0.98 (0.59–1.65) | 1.87 (1.24–2.81)* | 1.89 (1.13–3.15)* |
| South East | 1.34 (0.78–2.31) | 3.20 (2.13–4.83)* | 7.00 (4.29–11.42)* |
| South South | 1.71 (1.05–2.79)* | 3.26 (2.18–4.88)* | 4.55 (2.79–7.42)* |
| South West | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Season of interview | |||
| Dry season | 1.68 (1.32–2.14)* | 1.15 (0.96–1.38) | 1.58 (1.21–2.06)* |
| Rainy season | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Maternal characteristics | |||
| Age of mother | |||
| < 20 | 1.51 (0.94–2.43) | 1.41 (0.99–2.01) | 1.24 (0.89–1.70) |
| 20–29 | 1.09 (0.76–1.56) | 1.23 (0.96–1.57) | 1.03 (0.82–1.29) |
| 30–39 | 1.06 (0.74–1.52) | 1.01 (0.79–1.30) | 0.86 (0.69–1.06) |
| > = 40 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Education | |||
| None | 1.43 (1.11–1.85)* | 1.21 (0.99–1.47) | 1.01 (0.83–1.22) |
| Primary | 1.34 (1.03–1.780* | 1.22 (1.01–1.47)* | 1.24 (1.02–1.50)* |
| Secondary/higher | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Occupation | |||
| Not working | 0.99 (0.57–1.69) | 1.24 (0.89–1.74) | 1.31 (0.98–1.74) |
| Professional/services | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Sales | 1.05 (0.63–1.77) | 1.17 (0.84–1.62) | 0.85 (0.65–1.11) |
| Agriculture/manual | 1.01 (0.59–1.69) | 1.73 (1.22–2.43)* | 1.50 (1.14–1.99)* |
| Child characteristics | |||
| Age (months) | |||
| 0–11 | 1.99 (1.58–2.51)* | 1.43 (1.22–1.67)* | 1.83 (1.57–2.14)* |
| 12–23 | 1.80 (1.40–2.32)* | 1.92 (1.67–2.20)* | 2.36 (2.02–2.76)* |
| 24–35 | 1.46 (1.12–1.89)* | 1.35 (1.14–1.60)* | 1.78 (1.49–2.12)* |
| > = 36 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Sex | |||
| Male | 1.03 (0.86–1.22) | 0.99 (0.88–1.11) | 1.04 (0.93–1.17) |
| Female | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Birth order | |||
| 1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 2–3 | 0.96 (0.76–1.22) | 0.86 (0.74–1.00) | 0.99 (0.83–1.17) |
| 4–5 | 1.09 (0.85–1.39) | 0.83 (0.69–1.01) | 1.01 (0.84–1.22) |
| 6+ | 1.03 (0.79–1.33) | 1.02 (0.85–1.23) | 1.29 (1.06–1.57)* |
| Chronic malnutrition | |||
| Yes | 0.93 (0.78–1.12) | 1.19 (1.06–1.36)* | 1.03 (0.88–1.20) |
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
*p <0.05 (statistically significant)