Table 3.
ED visits of NHRs
| Author (year) | Prevalence, incidence or number of ED visits and follow-up | Age-specific and sex-specific analyses | Admission to hospital | Number of ED visits per resident | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prevalence or incidence | Regression/model | ||||
| Ackermann et al. (1998) [22] | 110 visits per 100 resident years (1488 ED visits made by 873 residents) Follow-up: 1 year | Holm’s Sequential Rejection Algorithm Men had a 17% higher overall ED use rate than women (p = 0.025). No association between the overall ED use rate of a NH and the age distribution of its patients.a |
Admitted to hospital: 42.4% Not admitted: 56.3% Died: 1.3% Admitted to hospital: Age ≤ 64 years: 36.6% 65–74 years: 44.9% 75–84 years: 41.8% 85+ years: 44.6% Sex Female: 41.6% Male: 43.9% |
Number of ED visits per resident 1: 60.5% 2: 22.3% 3: 9.5% 4: 4.2% 5+: 3.4% |
|
| Hsiao and Hing (2014) [15] | 123.2 visits per 100 resident years (4970 ED visits) Follow-up: 1 month | Number of visits per 100 resident years Age 65–74 years: 153.2 (95% CI 138.1–168.3) 75–84 years: 124.3 (95% CI 115.5–133.1) 85+ years: 113.0 (95% CI 105.0–121.0) Sex Female: 111.6 (95% CI 104.5–118.7) Male: 154.5 (95% CI 142.3–166.7) |
Admitted to hospital: 48.7% Not admitted: 33.5% Multivariable analysis Admitted to hospital: Age 65–74 years: Reference 75–84 years: OR = 0.95 (95% CI 0.75–1.20) 85+ years: OR = 1.02 (95% CI 0.82–1.27) Sex Male: OR = 1.10 (95% CI 0.93–1.30) |
Proportion of residents seen in ED less than 72 h ago: 2.4% (95% CI 1.9–3.0) |
|
| Kihlgren et al. (2014) [14] | 150 visits per 100 resident years NHRs with at least one ED visit: 29% (314 ED visits made by 209 residents) Follow-up: 1 year |
Age 75–84 years: 25% 85+ years: 30% (p = 0.213) Sex Female: 28% Male: 33% (p = 0.196) |
Number of ED visits per resident 1: 71% (number of referrals ranged between 1 and 7) Average number of referrals: Female: 1.4 Male: 1.7 |
||
| LaMantia et al. (2016) [23] | 2001: 146.0 visits per 100 resident years 2008: 215.5 visits per 100 resident yearsb NHRs with at least one ED visit: 47% Follow-up: 1 year |
Multivariable cox proportional hazard regression Age HR = 0.98 (95% CI 0.98–0.99; p < 0.0001) Sex Male: HR = 0.95 (95% CI 0.87–1.05; p = 0.3610)c |
Admitted to hospital: 36.4% Not admitted: 63.1% Died: 0.52% |
||
| McGregor et al. (2014) [18] | 62.6 visits per 100 resident yearsc,d (10,710 ED visits) Follow-up: 3 years | Poisson regression Adjusted (for sex and age) Age IRR = 1.00 (95% CI 1.00–1.00) Sex Male: IRR = 1.38 (95% CI 1.28–1.49) |
|||
| Stephens et al. (2012) [24] | NHRs with at least one ED visit: 62% (82,335 ED visits) Follow-up: 1 year |
Age 65–75 years: 62.7% 76–85 years: 63.9% 86+ years: 59.7% Sex Female: 60.5% Male: 65.3% |
Multivariable logistic regression Age 65–75 years: Reference 76–85 years: OR = 1.11 (95% CI 1.07–1.15; p ≤ 0.0001) 86+ years: OR = 1.03 (95% CI 0.99–1.07) Sex Male: OR = 1.05 (95% CI 1.02–1.09; p ≤ 0.001) |
||
| Stephens et al. (2014) [25] | ED visits: 112,119 Follow-up: 1 year |
Poisson regression Adjusted Age 65–75 years: Reference 76–85 years: IRR = 0.95 (95% CI 0.93–0.97; p < 0.0001) 86+ years: IRR = 0.90 (95% CI 0.88–0.92 p < 0.0001) Sex Male: IRR = 1.14 (95% CI 1.12–1.17; p < 0.0001) |
Admitted to hospital: 44.16% Multivariable logistic regression Admitted to hospital: Age 65–74 years: Reference 76–85 years: OR = 1.07 (95% CI 1.02–1.13) 86+ years: OR = 1.11 (95% CI 1.05–1.17) Sex Male: 1.10 (95% CI 1.06–1.15) |
||
IRR, Incidence Rate Ratio; OR, Odds Ratio; HR, Hazard Ratio
aNo other information available
bAuthors reported per 1000 NH bed days
cCalculated from data given in the publication
dFor-profit facilities: 69/100 resident years, 1.9/1000 resident days; non-profit facilities: 70/100 resident years, 1.93/1000 resident days; public owned facilities: 51/100 resident years, 1.39/1000 resident days