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. 2018 Jul 3;18:67. doi: 10.1186/s12874-018-0527-5

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© The Author(s). 2018

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 5 — Histogram of the causal effect for the biomarkers on death (a), progression (b) and toxicity (c) based on model 3 over 300 runs. Solid and dashed lines represent the kernel density of biomarkers with a PCER > 0.5% and PCER ≤0.5% respectively