Table 1.
Subject demographics.
| Ex-CFL (n = 53) | Study controls (n = 25) | Cam-CAN (n = 321) | p (Ex-CFL vs study controls) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (mean ± SD) | 55.6 ± 12.9 | 50.8 ± 10.0 | 58.1 ± 16.0 | 0.112+ |
| Education (years, mean ± SD) | 16.0 ± 1.7 | 16.0 ± 1.9 | – | 0.926 |
| Vascular risk factorsa | 20/53 (38%) | 4/24 (17%) | – | 0.110 |
| No. concussions (median, IQR) | 4.0, 3.0–8.5 | 0 | – | – |
| No. years in CFL (median, IQR) | 9.0, 5.0–11.0 | – | – | – |
| RAVLT short delay (mean score ± SD) | 8.8 ± 3.6 | 9.2 ± 2.2 | – | 0.497 |
| RAVLT long delay (mean score ± SD) | 8.1 ± 3.9 | 8.9 ± 2.8 | – | 0.298 |
| RVDLT long delay (mean score ± SD) | 9.2 ± 3.6 | 9.2 ± 2.4 | – | 0.977 |
| PAI aggression (T-score ± SD) | 49.9 ± 10.0 | 43.5 ± 6.2 | – | 0.001 |
| PAI irritability (T-score ± SD) | 49.3 ± 9.4 | 43.7 ± 8.3 | – | 0.014 |
| PAI depression (T-score ± SD) | 48.9 ± 10.4 | 44.7 ± 9.7 | – | 0.098 |
| APOE-e4 allele frequency | 21.0% | 19.0% | – | – |
| Genotype | ||||
| e2/e2, e2/e3, e3/e3 | 29 (60.4%) | 15 (62.5%) | – | 0.864 |
| e2/e4, e3/e4 | 18 (37.5%) | 9 (37.5%) | – | 1.000 |
| e4/e4 | 1 (2.1%) | 0 (0%) | – | 1.000 |
| Right hippocampal volume (mean CC ± SD) | 4.3 ± 0.8 | 4.5 ± 0.5 | 4.1 ± 0.6 | 0.238⁎,+ |
| Left hippocampal volume (mean CC ± SD) | 4.3 ± 0.8 | 4.5 ± 0.6 | 4.2 ± 0.6 | 0.129+ |
| Right amygdala volume (mean CC ± SD) | 1.6 ± 0.4 | 1.7 ± 0.2 | – | 0.167 |
| Left amygdala volume (mean CC ± SD) | 1.7 ± 0.4 | 1.8 ± 0.2 | – | 0.375 |
| Ventricle volume (mean CC ± SD) | 34.1 ± 19.8 | 26.7 ± 8.9 | 38.5 ± 21.4 | 0.078+ |
Ex-CFL = retired Canadian Football League players; IQR = interquartile range; RAVLT = Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test; RVDLT = Rey Visual Design Learning Test; PAI=Personality Assessment Inventory.
a
Vascular risk factors include hypertension, diabetes, smoking, hypercholesterolemia, and heart disease.
⁎
p < 0.05 between Ex-CFL and Cam-CAN.
+
p < 0.05 between study controls and Cam-CAN.