Table 2.
(A) Trends in baseline demographic characteristics by year of ART start
| Baseline characteristics | 2004–2006, n=1145 | 2007–2008, n=1126 | 2009–2010, n=1107 | 2011–2012, n=1803 | 2013–2014, n=1873 | 2015, n=604 | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | |||||||
| Female | 708 (61.8) | 729 (64.7) | 682 (61.6) | 1108 (61.5) | 1211 (64.7) | 393 (65.1) | 0.25 |
| Male | 437 (38.2) | 397 (35.3) | 425 (38.4) | 695 (38.6) | 662 (35.3) | 211 (34.9) | Ref |
| Marital status | |||||||
| Single | 230 (20.1) | 229 (20.3) | 203 (18.3) | 407 (22.6) | 507 (27.1) | 168 (27.8) | 0.0001 |
| Married | 684 (59.7) | 633 (56.2) | 707 (63.9) | 1067 (59.2) | 906 (48.4) | 297 (49.2) | Ref |
| Divorced | 70 (6.1) | 83 (7.4) | 62 (5.6) | 105 (5.8) | 204 (10.9) | 67 (11.1) | 0.0001 |
| Widowed | 126 (11.0) | 139 (12.3) | 106 (9.6) | 169 (9.4) | 182 (9.7) | 52 (8.6) | 0.65 |
| Not documented | 35 (3.1) | 42 (3.7) | 29 (2.6) | 55 (3.1) | 74 (4.0) | 20 (3.3) | 0.0675 |
| Age (years) | |||||||
| 15–19 | 5 (0.4) | 10 (0.9) | 15 (1.4) | 24 (1.3) | 42 (2.2) | 13 (2.2) | 0.0001 |
| 20–24 | 22 (1.9) | 24 (2.1) | 42 (3.8) | 67 (3.7) | 98 (5.2) | 43 (7.1) | 0.0001 |
| 25–29 | 105 (9.2) | 112 (10.0) | 130 (11.7) | 177 (9.8) | 274 (14.6) | 83 (13.7) | 0.0001 |
| 30–54 | 949 (82.9) | 907 (80.6) | 856 (77.3) | 1405 (77.9) | 1330 (71.0) | 434 (71.9) | Ref |
| ≥55 | 64 (5.6) | 73 (6.5) | 64 (5.8) | 130 (7.2) | 129 (6.9) | 31 (5.1) | 0.0646 |
| Residency | |||||||
| Rural | 240 (21.0) | 218 (19.4) | 181 (16.4) | 264 (14.6) | 147 (7.9) | 36 (6.0) | Ref |
| Urban | 820 (71.6) | 837 (74.3) | 868 (78.4) | 1406 (78.0) | 1515 (80.9) | 500 (82.8) | 0.0001 |
| Not documented | 85 (7.4) | 71 (6.3) | 58 (5.2) | 133 (7.4) | 211 (11.3) | 68 (11.3) | 0.0001 |
| Care entry point | |||||||
| VCT | 424 (37.0) | 448 (39.8) | 497 (44.9) | 742 (41.2) | 853 (45.5) | 276 (45.7) | Ref |
| PMTCT | 268 (23.4) | 228 (20.3) | 194 (17.5) | 296 (16.4) | 155 (8.3) | 54 (8.9) | 0.0001 |
| TB clinic | 133 (11.6) | 136 (12.1) | 132 (11.9) | 212 (11.8) | 51 (2.7) | 7 (1.2) | 0.0001 |
| In-patient | 103 (9.0) | 87 (7.7) | 71 (6.4) | 149 (8.3) | 209 (11.2) | 83 (13.7) | 0.0188 |
| Other facilities | 28 (2.5) | 25 (2.2) | 25 (2.3) | 65 (3.6) | 138 (7.4) | 10 (1.7) | 0.0001 |
| Other sources | 68 (5.9) | 76 (6.8) | 76 (6.9) | 145 (8.0) | 386 (20.6) | 168 (27.8) | 0.0001 |
| Not documented | 121 (10.6) | 126 (11.2) | 112 (10.1) | 194 (10.8) | 81 (4.3) | 6 (1.0) | 0.0001 |
|
| |||||||
| (B) Trends in baseline clinical characteristics by year of ART start
| |||||||
| Baseline characteristics | 2004–2006, n=1145 | 2007–2008, n=1126 | 2009–2010, n=1107 | 2011–2012, n=1803 | 2013–2014, n=1873 | 2015, n=604 | p-value |
|
| |||||||
| Time to linkage to ART (months) | |||||||
| 3 months | |||||||
| Within 3 months | 311 (27.2) | 437 (38.8) | 345 (31.2) | 218 (12.1) | 451 (24.1) | 181 (30.0) | Ref |
| After 3 months | 497 (43.4) | 342 (30.4) | 445 (40.2) | 1086 (60.2) | 633 (33.8) | 178 (29.5) | 0.0001 |
| 6 months | |||||||
| Within 6 months | 406 (35.5) | 484 (43.0) | 391 (35.3) | 315 (17.5) | 509 (27.2) | 195 (32.3) | Ref |
| After 6 months | 402 (35.1) | 295 (26.2) | 399 (36.0) | 989 (54.9) | 575 (30.7) | 164 (27.2) | 0.0001 |
| 12 months | |||||||
| Within 12 months | 539 (47.1) | 550 (48.9) | 472 (42.6) | 454 (25.2) | 591 (31.6) | 222 (36.8) | Ref |
| After 12 months | 269 (23.5) | 229 (20.3) | 318 (28.7) | 850 (47.1) | 493 (26.3) | 137 (22.7) | 0.0001 |
| Disease stage | |||||||
| WHO stages 1 and 2 | 208 (18.2) | 380 (33.8) | 449 (40.6) | 747 (41.4) | 924 (49.3) | 379 (62.8) | Ref |
| WHO stages 3 and 4 | 441 (38.5) | 494 (43.9) | 344 (31.1) | 833 (46.2) | 612 (32.7) | 207 (34.3) | 0.0001 |
| Not documented | 496 (43.3) | 252 (22.4) | 314 (28.4) | 223 (12.4) | 337 (18.0) | 18 (3.0) | 0.0001 |
| CD4 count | |||||||
| 0–50 | 105 (9.2) | 141 (12.5) | 61 (5.5) | 89 (4.9) | 241 (12.9) | 84 (13.9) | 0.0001 |
| 51–100 | 92 (8.0) | 122 (10.8) | 59 (5.3) | 79 (4.4) | 127 (6.8) | 50 (8.3) | 0.0001 |
| 101–250 | 202 (17.6) | 277 (24.6) | 226 (20.4) | 257 (14.3) | 391 (20.9) | 137 (22.7) | 0.24 |
| 251–350 | 78 (6.8) | 63 (5.6) | 96 (8.7) | 204 (11.3) | 291 (15.5) | 61 (10.1) | Ref |
| 351–500 | 33 (2.9) | 48 (4.3) | 46 (4.2) | 197 (10.9) | 227 (12.1) | 104 (17.2) | 0.0001 |
| >500 | 28 (2.5) | 34 (3.0) | 49 (4.4) | 212 (11.8) | 186 (9.9) | 86 (14.2) | 0.0001 |
| Not documented | 607 (53.0) | 441 (39.2) | 570 (51.5) | 765 (42.4) | 410 (21.9) | 82 (13.6) | 0.0001 |
| OIs | |||||||
| TB | |||||||
| No | 1037 (90.6) | 1016 (90.2) | 1019 (92) | 1651 (91.6) | 1619 (86.4) | 535 (88.6) | Ref |
| Yes | 108 (9.4) | 110 (9.8) | 88 (7.9) | 152 (8.4) | 254 (13.6) | 69 (11.4) | 0.0007 |
| PCP | |||||||
| No | 1109 (96.9) | 1099 (97.6) | 1076 (97.2) | 1689 (93.7) | 1824 (97.4) | 590 (97.7) | Ref |
| Yes | 36 (3.1) | 27 (2.4) | 31 (2.8) | 114 (6.3) | 49 (2.6) | 14 (2.3) | 0.54 |
| Cryptococcal disease | |||||||
| No | 1142 (99.7) | 1119 (99.4) | 1099 (99.3) | 1793 (99.5) | 1855 (99.0) | 599 (99.2) | Ref |
| Yes | 3 (0.3) | 7 (0.6) | 8 (0.7) | 10 (0.6) | 18 (1.0) | 5 (0.8) | 0.0489 |
| Oral candidiasis | |||||||
| No | 1081 (94.4) | 1083 (96.2) | 1085 (98.0) | 1756 (97.4) | 1832 (97.8) | 587 (97.2) | Ref |
| Yes | 64 (5.6) | 43 (3.8) | 22 (2.0) | 47 (2.6) | 41 (2.2) | 17 (2.8) | 0.0001 |
| Esophageal candidiasis | |||||||
| No | 1140 (99.6) | 1121 (99.6) | 1105 (99.8) | 1798 (99.7) | 1866 (99.6) | 601 (99.5) | Ref |
| Yes | 5 (0.4) | 5 (0.4) | 2 (0.2) | 5 (0.3) | 7 (0.4) | 3 (0.5) | 0.91 |
| Kaposi’s sarcoma | |||||||
| No | 1132 (98.9) | 1118 (99.3) | 1095 (98.9) | 1786 (99.1) | 1855 (99.0) | 597 (98.8) | Ref |
| Yes | 13 (1.1) | 8 (0.7) | 12 (1.1) | 17 (0.9) | 18 (1.0) | 7 (1.2) | 0.92 |
| Other OIs | |||||||
| No | 948 (82.8) | 914 (81.2) | 916 (82.8) | 1194 (66.2) | 1213 (64.8) | 424 (70.2) | Ref |
| Yes | 197 (17.2) | 212 (18.8) | 191 (17.3) | 609 (33.8) | 660 (35.2) | 180 (29.8) | 0.0001 |
| Any OI | |||||||
| No | 835 (72.9) | 805 (71.5) | 809 (73.1) | 1027 (57.0) | 1038 (55.4) | 387 (64.1) | Ref |
| Yes | 310 (27.1) | 321 (28.5) | 298 (26.9) | 776 (43.0) | 835 (44.6) | 217 (35.9) | 0.0001 |
Note: The p-values in bold font are those that met the significance threshold of <0.05.
Abbreviations: ART, antiretroviral therapy; OI, opportunistic infection; PCP, pneumocystis pneumonia; PMTCT, prevention of mother-to-child transmission; Ref, reference; TB, tuberculosis; VCT, voluntary counseling and testing; WHO, World Health Organization.