Table S5.
Hazard ratio (95% CI) of coronary heart disease according to consumption levels of individual cruciferous vegetablesa
| Variables and Cohort | Consumption levels
|
Every two servings/week | Ptrend | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 (low) | 2 | 3 | 4 (high) | |||
| Broccoli | ||||||
| Consumption level | <1 serving/week | 1–2 servings/week | 2–3 servings/week | ≥4 servings/week | ||
| NHS | 1 | 0.99 (0.92, 1.07) | 0.93 (0.85, 1.02) | 1.13 (0.90, 1.43) | 0.97 (0.90, 1.04) | 0.53 |
| NHSII | 1 | 1.01 (0.84, 1.21) | 0.93 (0.75, 1.15) | 1.29 (0.84, 1.97) | 1.03 (0.91, 1.16) | 0.84 |
| HPFS | 1 | 1.01 (0.93, 1.08) | 1.05 (0.96, 1.14) | 0.92 (0.74, 1.15) | 1.01 (0.96, 1.07) | 0.70 |
| Pooled resultsb | 1 | 1.00 (0.95, 1.05) | 0.99 (0.93, 1.05) | 1.05 (0.90, 1.22) | 1.02 (0.97, 1.07) | 0.95 |
| Cabbage | ||||||
| Consumption level | <1 serving/month | 1–2 servings/month | 2–4 servings/month | ≥1 serving/week | ||
| NHS | 1 | 1.07 (0.96, 1.19) | 1.00 (0.90, 1.12) | 1.20 (1.08, 1.33) | 1.09 (1.00, 1.19) | <0.001 |
| NHSII | 1 | 1.01 (0.84, 1.22) | 0.86 (0.63, 1.19) | 1.16 (0.93, 1.45) | 1.14 (0.95, 1.37) | 0.18 |
| HPFS | 1 | 1.06 (0.94, 1.20) | 1.03 (0.89, 1.18) | 1.01 (0.92, 1.11) | 1.01 (0.99, 1.02) | 0.71 |
| Pooled resultsb | 1 | 1.06 (0.98, 1.14) | 1.00 (0.92, 1.09) | 1.09 (1.02, 1.17) | 1.02 (1.00, 1.03) | 0.02 |
| Cauliflower | ||||||
| Consumption level | <1 serving/month | 1–2 servings/month | 2–4 servings/month | ≥1 serving/week | ||
| NHS | 1 | 1.10 (1.00, 1.21) | 0.93 (0.84, 1.03) | 1.07 (0.97, 1.18) | 1.02 (0.94, 1.10) | 0.63 |
| NHSII | 1 | 1.02 (0.84, 1.24) | 1.10 (0.82, 1.47) | 0.97 (0.79, 1.20) | 1.03 (0.87, 1.22) | 0.71 |
| HPFS | 1 | 0.99 (0.91, 1.08) | 1.00 (0.91, 1.11) | 1.07 (0.98, 1.16) | 1.03 (0.96, 1.10) | 0.09 |
| Pooled resultsb | 1 | 1.04 (0.98, 1.10) | 0.98 (0.91, 1.05) | 1.06 (0.99, 1.13) | 1.02 (0.97, 1.08) | 0.16 |
| Brussels sprouts | ||||||
| Consumption level | <1 serving/month | 1–2 servings/month | 2–4 servings/month | ≥1 serving/week | ||
| NHS | 1 | 1.24 (1.14, 1.35) | 1.10 (0.98, 1.25) | 1.38 (1.22, 1.57) | 1.34 (1.19, 1.50) | <0.001 |
| NHSII | 1 | 1.15 (0.94, 1.40) | 1.04 (0.66, 1.64) | 0.79 (0.55, 1.14) | 0.82 (0.57, 1.19) | 0.28 |
| HPFS | 1 | 1.04 (0.97, 1.13) | 1.10 (0.99, 1.23) | 1.07 (0.96, 1.19) | 1.01 (0.91, 1.11) | 0.13 |
| Pooled resultsb | 1 | 1.13 (1.07, 1.19) | 1.10 (1.02, 1.19) | 1.16 (1.08, 1.26) | 1.12 (1.04, 1.20) | <0.001 |
| Kale, mustard, or chard greens | ||||||
| Consumption level | <1 serving/month | 1–2 servings/month | 2–4 servings/month | ≥1 serving/week | ||
| NHS | 1 | 0.94 (0.80, 1.11) | 1.13 (0.91, 1.41) | 1.12 (0.89, 1.42) | 0.92 (0.75, 1.14) | 0.23 |
| NHSII | 1 | 0.97 (0.68, 1.40) | 1.83 (1.02, 3.27) | 1.48 (0.92, 2.37) | 1.10 (0.91, 1.34) | 0.04 |
| HPFS | 1 | 1.02 (0.91, 1.15) | 1.05 (0.87, 1.26) | 0.97 (0.82, 1.14) | 0.92 (0.80, 1.06) | 0.89 |
| Pooled resultsb | 1 | 0.99 (0.91, 1.09) | 1.11 (0.97, 1.28) | 1.05 (0.92, 1.19) | 0.97 (0.88, 1.07) | 0.28 |
Notes:
Estimates are calculated in Cox proportional hazards models, adjusted for age (years), ethnicity (Caucasian, African American, Asian, and other ethnicity), family history of myocardial infarction (yes/no), hypertension (yes/no), hypercholesterolemia (yes/no), smoking status (never, former, current [1–14, 15–24, or ≥25 cigarettes/day], or missing), alcohol intake (0, 0.1–4.9, 5.0–14.9, and ≥15.0 g/day for women, 0, 0.1–4.9, 5.0–29.9, and ≥30.0 g/day for men, or missing), physical activity (<3.0, 3.0–8.9, 9.0–17.9, 18.0–26.9, ≥27.0 MET-hours/week, or missing), menopausal status and postmenopausal hormone use (premenopause, postmenopause [never, former, or current hormone use], or missing, for women), oral contraceptive use (yes, no, or missing, for NHSII), multivitamin use (yes/no), BMI (<23, 23–24.9, 25–29.9, 30–34.9, ≥35 kg/m2, or missing), and total energy intake (kcal/day), and the modified Alternative Healthy Eating Index score (quintiles).
Results from each cohort were pooled using fixed-effects model.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; HPFS, Health Professionals Follow-Up Study; MET, metabolic equivalents of task; NHS, Nurses’ Health Study.