Table 1.
Patient demographics
| Variables | ISI<8 | 8≤ISI<15 | ISI≥15 | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number (%) | 144 (75.0) | 34 (17.7) | 14 (7.3) | |
| Age, years, median (IQR) | 74.00 (68.00, 78.00) | 71.00 (62.50, 76.00) | 74.00 (63.50, 78.25) | 0.258 |
| Female, n (%) | 3 (2.1) | 2 (5.9) | 1 (7.1) | 0.191 |
| BMI, kg/m2, mean (SD) | 23.20 (3.23) | 23.50 (3.63) | 24.36 (4.23) | 0.453 |
| Comorbidities, n (%)* | ||||
| Diabetes mellitus | 31 (21.5) | 12 (35.3) | 5 (35.7) | 0.165 |
| Hypertension | 75 (52.1) | 21 (61.8) | 5 (35.7) | 0.237 |
| Tuberculosis history | 43 (29.9) | 9 (26.5) | 3 (21.4) | 0.790 |
| Chronic renal disease | 2 (1.4) | 1 (2.9) | 2 (14.3) | 0.032 |
| Liver disease | 4 (2.8) | 1 (2.9) | 1 (7.1) | 0.422 |
| Heart disease | 32 (22.2) | 7 (20.6) | 4 (28.6) | 0.908 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 6 (4.2) | 2 (5.9) | 0 (0.0) | 0.811 |
| History of malignancy | 5 (3.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.717 |
| Dyslipidemia | 33 (22.9) | 8 (23.5) | 4 (28.6) | 0.954 |
| Osteoporosis | 24 (16.7) | 4 (11.8) | 3 (21.4) | 0.702 |
| Gastritis | 19 (13.2) | 4 (11.8) | 2 (14.3) | 1.000 |
| Benign prostate hyperplasia | 39 (27.1) | 8 (23.5) | 5 (35.7) | 0.689 |
| Alcohol intake, n (%) | 64 (44.8) | 8 (24.2) | 5 (35.7) | 0.091 |
| Smoking pack-years, median (IQR) | 40.00 (25.00, 52.00) | 37.50 (26.88, 50.00) | 45.50 (38.75, 53.25) | 0.408 |
| Maintenance drugs, n (%)* | ||||
| LAMA inhaler | 116 (81.1) | 26 (76.5) | 13 (92.9) | 0.421 |
| ICS/LABA inhaler | 69 (48.6) | 22 (64.7) | 8 (57.1) | 0.222 |
| LABA inhaler | 16 (11.5) | 2 (6.1) | 2 (14.3) | 0.593 |
| Theophyllines | 55 (38.2) | 16 (47.1) | 7 (50.0) | 0.521 |
| Oral beta agonist | 12 (8.3) | 2 (5.9) | 2 (14.3) | 0.594 |
| Insomnia drugs, n (%)* | 11 (7.6) | 4 (11.8) | 3 (21.4) | 0.161 |
| Benzodiazepine | 8 (5.6) | 3 (8.8) | 0 (0.0) | 0.531 |
| Zolpidem | 1 (0.7) | 2 (5.9) | 3 (21.4) | 0.001 |
| Other drugs | 4 (2.8) | 1 (2.9) | 0 (0.0) | 1.000 |
| Chronic bronchitis, n (%) | 49 (36.0) | 20 (60.6) | 7 (50.0) | 0.028 |
| Number of COPD exacerbations | 0.00 (0.00, 1.00) | 0.00 (0.00, 1.00) | 2.00 (1.00, 3.00) | 0.001 |
| in the past year, median (IQR) | ||||
| Pulmonary function tests | ||||
| FVC, % predicted, mean (SD) | 94.32 (17.61) | 91.94 (23.22) | 92.57 (16.25) | 0.817 |
| FEV1, % predicted, mean (SD) | 71.75 (18.36) | 72.68 (23.18) | 67.43 (17.10) | 0.679 |
| FEV1/FVC, %, median (IQR) | 52.00 (43.00, 61.00) | 56.50 (45.00, 64.00) | 49.50 (43.75, 57.25) | 0.305 |
| DLCO, % predicted, mean (SD) | 14.42 (4.79) | 14.80 (5.75) | 13.09 (4.94) | 0.555 |
Note:
*
Multiple responses possible.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; DLCO, diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; FVC, forced vital capacity; ICS, inhaled corticosteroid; IQR, interquartile range; ISI, insomnia severity index; LABA, long-acting β2-agonist; LAMA, long-acting muscarinic antagonist.