Table 2.
Variables associated with insomnia in COPD
| Variables | Univariate analysis
|
Multivariate analysis
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds ratio | 95% CI | p-value | Odds ratio | 95% CI | p-value | |
| Age (years) | 0.97 | 0.93–1.01 | 0.089 | 0.96 | 0.92–1.02 | 0.128 |
| BMI | 1.05 | 0.95–1.16 | 0.328 | |||
| Diabetes mellitus | 2.00 | 0.98–4.08 | 0.057 | 2.03 | 0.85–4.84 | 0.112 |
| Hypertension | 1.09 | 0.57–2.09 | 0.802 | |||
| Chronic renal disease | 4.73 | 0.77–29.22 | 0.094 | 2.22 | 0.24–20.22 | 0.480 |
| Heart disease | 1.04 | 0.48–2.27 | 0.920 | |||
| Cerebrovascular disease | 1.00 | 0.20–5.13 | 1.00 | |||
| Benign prostate hyperplasia | 1.00 | 0.48–2.09 | 1.00 | |||
| Smoking pack-year | 1.01 | 0.99–1.02 | 0.564 | |||
| CAT total score | 1.25 | 1.15–1.35 | <0.001 | 1.23 | 1.13–1.34 | <0.001 |
| LAMA inhaler | 1.01 | 0.44–2.33 | 0.984 | |||
| ICS/LABA inhaler | 1.76 | 0.90–3.45 | 0.097 | 0.86 | 0.37–1.98 | 0.718 |
| LABA inhaler | 0.72 | 0.23–2.26 | 0.567 | |||
| Theophyllines | 1.49 | 0.77–2.88 | 0.236 | |||
| Oral beta agonist | 1.00 | 0.31–3.26 | 1.00 | |||
| FVC, % predicted | 0.99 | 0.98–1.01 | 0.477 | |||
| FEV1, % predicted | 1.00 | 0.98–1.02 | 0.849 | |||
| FEV1/FVC | 1.01 | 0.98–1.04 | 0.570 | |||
| DLCO | 1.00 | 0.93–1.06 | 0.876 | |||
| Chronic bronchitis | 2.40 | 1.22–4.71 | 0.011 | 0.99 | 0.43–2.29 | 0.989 |
| Number of COPD exacerbations in the past year | 1.36 | 1.04–1.78 | 0.025 | 1.03 | 0.72–1.48 | 0.861 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CAT, COPD assessment test; DLCO, diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; FVC, forced vital capacity; ICS, inhaled corticosteroid; LABA, long-acting β2-agonist; LAMA, long-acting muscarinic antagonist.