Table 2.

Considerations in Animal Model Selection and Use for EDC Research

Account for possible species differences in metabolism and generation of biologically active metabolites.

Select the most sensitive species possible.

Ensure the presence of a relevant target (a similar mechanism of action).

Ensure the outcome is relevant for human disease and not unique to that species (some types of cancers in rodents are not seen in humans).

Use both sexes – unless only one is relevant (prostate cancer).

Make sure dosing occurs over the appropriate critical period for that species.

Be aware that for EDCs latency between exposure and effect could be long and stretch into advanced adulthood.

Make sure enough individuals are used to have sufficient statistical power. For mammalian developmental toxicology studies the litter should be the statistical unit, not the individual pup.

Methodological reporting should use ARRIVE guidelines or similar to ensure comprehensive and transparent reporting (https://www.nc3rs.org.uk/arrive-guidelines)