Table 1.
Baseline cohort characteristics from 20 studies with linoleic acid and arachidonic acid biomarker measures and follow-up data for incident type 2 diabetes
| Country | Baseline year(s) of blood sampling | Study design | Number of participants (n) | Number of men (%) | Age (years) | BMI (kg/m2) | Biomarker compartment assessed | Incident type 2 diabetes cases (n) | Maximum follow-up (years) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AGES-Reykjavik | Iceland | 2002-06 | PC | 753 | 309(41%) | 76 (5·2) | 27 (4) | Plasma phospholipids | 28 | 7·8 |
| AOC | Netherlands | 2002-06 | PC | 2888 | 2282 (79%) | 69 (5·6) | 27 (4) | Cholesterol esters | 154 | 4·8 |
| ARIC | USA | 1987-89 | PC | 3494 | 1642 (47%) | 54 (5·6) | 27 (4) | Plasma phospholipids | 304 | 9·0 |
| CCCC | Taiwan | 1992-93 | PC | 616 | 370 (60%) | 59 (9·9) | 23 (3) | Total plasma | 128 | 8·1 |
| CHS | USA | 1992-93 | PC | 3179 | 1240 (39%) | 72 (5·2) | 26 (5) | Plasma phospholipids | 284 | 18·0 |
| EPIC-Norfolk | UK | 1993-97 | PCC | 383 | 203 (53%) | 64 (8·1) | 28 (4) | Erythrocyte phospholipids, plasma phospholipids | 199 | 12·1 |
| EPIC-Potsdam | Germany | 1994-98 | PNC | 2165 | 823 (38%) | 49 (8·9) | 26 (4) | Erythrocyte phospholipids | 488 | 10·1 |
| FHS | USA | 2005-08 | PC | 1913 | 823 (43%) | 64 (8·3) | 28 (5) | Erythrocyte phospholipids | 98 | 9·0 |
| HPFS | USA | 1994 | PC | 1545 | 1545 (100%) | 65 (8·6) | 26 (3) | Erythrocyte phospholipids, Total plasma | 113 | 17·6 |
| IRAS | USA | 1992-94 | PC | 719 | 316 (44%) | 55 (8·5) | 28 (6) | Total plasma | 146 | 5·0 |
| KIHD | Finland | 1991-92 (men) 2003 (women) |
PC | 3145 | 2327 (74%) | 56 (7·1) | 27 (4) | Serum | 595 | 26·8 |
| MCCS | Australia | 1990-94 | PNC | 4046 | 1821 (45%) | 55 (8·6) | 27 (5) | Plasma phospholipids | 336 | 9·9 |
| MESA | USA | 2000-02 | PC | 2230 | 1026 (46%) | 61 (10·1) | 28 (5) | Plasma phospholipids | 297 | 11·2 |
| METSIM | Finland | 2006-10 | PC | 1301 | 1301 (100%) | 55 (5·6) | 26 (3) | Cholesterol esters, erythrocyte phospholipids, plasma phospholipids | 71 | 7·9 |
| NHS | USA | 1990 | PC | 1595 | 0 | 60 (6·4) | 25 (4) | Erythrocyte phospholipids, total plasma | 154 | 22·8 |
| PIVUS | Sweden | 2001-04 | PC | 861 | 422 (49%) | 70 (0·2) | 27 (4) | Cholesterol esters, plasma phospholipids | 69 | 10·9 |
| 3C | France | 1999-00 | PC | 1220 | 464 (38%) | 74 (4·8) | 26 (4) | Erythrocyte phospholipids, total plasma | 36 | 13·0 |
| ULSAM-50 | Sweden | 1970-73 | PC | 1891 | 1891 (100%) | 50 (0·6) | 25 (3) | Cholesterol esters | 246 | 42·3 |
| ULSAM-70 | Sweden | 1991-95 | PC | 738 | 738 (100%) | 71 (0·6) | 26 (3) | Adipose tissue | 99 | 21·5 |
| WHIMS | USA | 1996 | PC | 5799 | 0 | 70 (3·8) | 28 (5) | Erythrocyte phospholipids | 502 | 14·1 |
Data are n, n (%), or mean (SD), unless otherwise specified. Characteristics were correct at the time of fatty acid biomarker measurement. References for all studies are shown in the appendix. AGES-Reykjavik=Age, Gene/Environment Susceptibility Study (Reykjavik). AOC=Alpha Omega Cohort. ARIC=Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities. CCCC=Chin-Shan Community Cardiovascular Cohort Study. CHS=Cardiovascular Health Study. EPIC-Norfolk=European Prospective Investigation into Cancer (Norfolk). EPIC-Potsdam=European Prospective Investigation into Cancer (Potsdam). FHS=Framingham Heart Study. HPFS=Health Professionals Follow-up Study. IRAS=Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. KIHD=Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. MCCS=Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study. MESA=Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. METSIM=Metabolic Syndrome in Men Study. NHS=Nurses’ Health Study. PIVUS=Prospective Investigation of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors. 3C=Three City Study. ULSAM-50=Uppsala Longitudinal Study of Adult Men-50. ULSAM-70=Uppsala Longitudinal Study of Adult Men-70. WHIMS=Women’s Health Initiative Memory Study. PC=prospective cohort. PCC=prospective nested case-control. PNC=prospective nested case-cohort.